Internet and Direct Marketing

Internet and Direct Marketing Internet and Direct Marketing Home›Marketing Posts›Internet and Direct Marketing Marketing PostsInternet has played a major role in our daily lives. In fact I will not be cheating when I say that today the whole world depends mostly on the internet and it has become a basic need instead of a luxury. The establishment of the usage of the internet in the marketing industry has boosted the direct Marketing process greatly over the whole globe. Transactions have been simplified as the channels involved in the whole process have been minimized making it more efficient and effective (Gurton, 2003).Direct marketing is done through posting of advertisements known as ads on the websites. The ads are displayed on various home pages of websites through animations and other colorful pictures which attract users of the World Wide Web (WWW). Different companies acquire space on the websites like Google which they subscribe the recommended fee which enable the running of the websites (Russelsm ith Taylor, 2004).With accessibility of the internet, customers are able to view and have a clear knowledge about the existence of the commodities/products from any part of the globe as the manufacturers display all the required information on their websites. This gives the clients prior knowledge about a given product before making the purchase. They are also able get access to all the details relating to the product i.e. the quality, the quantity, the prevailing prices in the market, the date of manufacturing, and the relevant costs incurred in both production and transporting the commodity to the desired destination (Jones Silverstein, 2009). The internet has made the world to be a small place, in other words, people can access different information of different products from the internet.In conclusion, the internet has played a crucial role in the marketing industry. This is because products produced in different countries can be accessed at one point with millions of people vi ewing the product. All that one needs to have to access information about a product is an internet connection and a phone, laptop or a computer.

Educated Mind - Free Essay Example

Education has been reported to be a significance item in each politicians agenda. Despite this, the notion of the meaning of the phrase educated mindhas never seemed to come about. The society has also been reported not to make over the idea of being educated despite having undergone a massive conversion. People have been reported to think that an educated mind is that of having know-how on the poetry and literature, having an understanding of more than one dialect and also who can appreciate social issues in addition to history (Edge.Org). Furthermore, people also think that an educated brain is the one that can deal better with economic matters, understands principles of science as well as elementary mathematics. This has been said to be a common understanding within the twenty-first century which has been reported to be an old system mind. This has been an interpretation of the past generation that existed in the nineteenth century. An educated person is a person who can adapt to whatever might be thrown to them by life. Education is more than being prepared for a workforce. This means that people should not go to school for them to be trained to be good workers for them to be considered as educated individuals. However, this does not demean work since earning a living is much essential and to have a good economy. It has been reported in America that the reasons why children are taken to school for education are to prepare them to be complete contributors in the self-governing republic (HuffPost). It has been believed that education should be gratifying by making individuals more life appreciating through the provision of power to do things like composition of music, reading for own desire. Education should also help individuals to understand the world surrounding them in a better manner. Education can be acquired both formally and informally. Formal education is obtained in class while informal learning is the education attained outside the class. Despite this, better education should enable us to develop habits of solving problems, being creative and have curious mind hence willing to know more about something. Educated people should have the ability to criticize and analyse situations in the daily life. People should have the ability to make things for personal fulfilment and more so for entertainment. Educated individuals should have the ability to love themselves and the environment surrounding them. This is because most of the people start cursing themselves when things turn contrary to their expectations (HuffPost). The ability to balance amongst personal needs and those belonging to groups and even the world at large is also an important aspect of the education. However, all this cannot be accomplished through undergoing a school program. It is for this reason that it is hence confirmed that schools, as well as teachers, are not the only possible for educating children. Everyone in the society is said to take part in the process of educating the children. This includes parents, community, institutions as well as teachers. The best schools have an understanding that their role is not only to fill the students mind with information and facts. Rather, they are aware that instilling certain habits in these children will enable them to cope with the varied diversity of situations. Some schools have been reported to do so by engaging students in research work and presentation of their work to others (Dunlosky et al., 5-8). A Certain time is taken to review as well as teach certain skills whenever necessary to ensure these students get it. Most of the time is taken by students in approaching things as they come in life where there is no breaking down of knowledge into subjects. Skills and general knowledge are used simultaneously to solve problems. According to HuffPost, better schools are also said not to take teachers and students as objects for standardization. They do not expect students to graduate with the same thinking, a way of action as well as talking to anyone else in that class. Also, they do not expect that all teachers to conduct in the same manner. Schools in the modern world have been said to practice the ancient form of education forgetting that human beings are and will never fit in the same style as they are not widgets. Being able to adapt to whatever situation in life is thus essential and is claimed to be a result of a good education bringing an educated mind (Dunlosky et al., 5-8). Educated minds should not behave similarly. This is as it can be seen in monoculture system of farming. Due to similar genetics, anything that can destroy the crop is said to destroy the whole plantation and thus to lead to hunger. Monoculture of thinking is similarly and equally dangerous to monoculture in farming. Educated mi nds should have something extra that can help them survive in the current competitive world. Institutions of higher learning should take part in redefining the meaning of education to the society. They should also educate children in a way that equips them better to come with life challenges. For children to acquire the good education and claimed to have an educated mind, parents and teachers should not only praise their strengths in class but also their efforts. They should be commended for actions of sharing, singing well, ability to follow instructions as well as assisting others. The words good workshould not only be said when they perform better in class. Other desirable behaviours should also be supported like teamwork forgiving others and many more (Britishcouncil.Org). A good learning environment is the one that exposes the learner to practice. An example, outside a cafeteria for discussion purposes would be vital as it exposes a learner to other forms learning, other than the class work learning. In conclusion, an educated mind is the one that is said to be able to adapt and cope with challenges in life. The idea of the nineteenth century that claimed that educated people are those who have a better knowledge of scientific principles, as well as basic mathematics, should be abolished. Educated people should be able to solve problems in life, able to analyse and criticize situations as they come as well as making things entertaining and desirable. Education should not only be a process of training good employees as more is required in life. Good coping strategies should be implanted to the learners. Monoculture has been stated to be dangerous in farming as when the crop is attacked the whole plantation if affected. This leads to famine and education has been said to be no different from the plant. Extra skills and coping strategies are essential. Parents, teachers, and community have been seen to have a role in educating children. This, therefore, confirms that both formal and informal setups of education are essential. Works Cited Edge.Org. Edge.Org, 2017, https://www.edge.org/response-detail/11821. How Can Parents And Teachers Best Educate Young Children? | British Council. Britishcouncil.Org, 2017, https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/how-can-parents-and-teachers-best-educate-young-children. What Does It Mean To Be Well-Educated?. HuffPost, 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sabrina-stevens-shupe/what-does-it-mean-to-be-w_1_b_781240.html. Dunlosky, John, et al. Improving studentslearning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14.1 (2013): 4-58.

Why The Japanese Tea Market Has A Gradual Increase Over...

Tea in Japan â€Å"The Japanese beverage sector is one of the biggest beverage markets in the world.† â€Å"It is highly competitive and has reached a peak in its maturity, thus making growth difficult† (Japan). This term paper will study why the Japanese tea market has seen a gradual decrease over the years, and will study the factors that caused this industry to see such a change. It will include the history/origin of tea, the ongoing changes in the tea market, and whether other countries like China are seeing the same downward shift. It will also provide research on the top Japanese tea sellers, major (tea) export partners, top competitors (both internal and external), current products in the market, along with issues that have affected the tea†¦show more content†¦The ceremonies have influenced all forms of Japanese art (such as garden design and flower arrangements), and has become a social custom to Japanese people† (Tea). This way of life is still prevalent in Japanese culture today (especially among the older generations). Along the lines of Japan’s long history of tea, the first signs of these exports appeared in â€Å"1610 by the Dutch East India Company, when a shipment of Japanese tea was sent to Europe† (Ito En). Later in 1858 Japan opened its ports, first to the United States, then to countries like the UK, Russia, and France. This marked the time in which tea became one of Japan’s main exports. Afterwards the export of tea expanded â€Å"due to the support of the Japanese government, with their main focus on the United States† as an export partner. These countries, along with many others nowadays, are still huge tea trading partners with Japan. They contribute a good portion to Japan’s tea market; the main attraction to Japanese tea has to do with their cultural practices attributed to earlier uses of tea and ceremonies in Japan. Japan has faced major issues regarding natural disasters over the years. These disasters can greatly attribute to the downfall of the Japanese Tea market. The most famously known occurrence appeared in 2011, when Japan had a triple disaster (earthquake, tsunami, and then followed by the nuclear disaster). This disaster affected tea

Modern Personality Theories Was Developed By Sigmund Freud

Modern personality theories was developed by Sigmund Freud and is known as psychoanalytic theory. The psychiatric practice of this theory is called Psychoanalysis. Freud’s ideas were plentiful, profound, and often controversial. His theory about personality has had tremendous influence on societies around the world through many different disciplines. Freud believed that most behaviors are caused by thoughts, ideas, and wishes that are in a person’s brain but are not easily accessible by the conscious part of the mind. In other words, your brain knows things that your mind doesn’t. This reservoir of conceptions of which we are unaware is called the unconscious. Psychoanalytic theory proposes that per- sonality characteristics are mostly a reflection of the contents of the unconscious part of the mind. Freud suggested that certain ideas and thoughts are repressed, that is, pushed out of awareness and into the unconscious. Freud said that the mind could be divided into three abstract categories. These are the id,the ego,and the superego. The id: Latin for the term â€Å"it,† this division of the mind includes our basic instincts, inborn dispositions, and animalistic urges. Freud said that the id is totally unconscious, that we are unaware of its workings. The id is not rational; it imagines, dreams, and invents things to get us what we want. Freud said that the id operates according to the pleasure principle —it aims toward pleasurableShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud. Briana Gates. Mr. Wiles. Psyc 43101-01:1611 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud Briana Gates Mr. Wiles PSYC 43101-01: History and Systems of Psychology February 25, 2017 On May 6, 1856, a baby by the name of Sigmund Freud was born, in a what is now known as the Czech Republic (Schultz Schultz, 2012). After moving around a bit, Freud eventually settled in Vienna, and spent most his life there. It is without question that Sigmund Freud is a well-known name, and that he can be considered the father of what is known as psychoanalysis, seeing as how heRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1073 Words   |  5 PagesLuwanna Perry Theories Counseling 06/27/2014 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is considered to be the most important figures in the field of psychiatry and psychology. His ideas about psychoanalysis were developed in the 1800’s but are still being used today in the mental health field (www.studymode.com). Sigmund Freud was one of the pioneers/innovator of modern-day psychology. â€Å"As the originator of psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as anRead MoreHistory and Theory Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Theory The viewpoints if Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have similarities and differences. Both have made significant contribution to the psychology field. The theories from Freud and Rogers are still used in modern psychology. Freud is best known for creating psychoanalysis and Rogers is renowned for developing the person-centered therapy. The subject of this paper pertains to Freud’s and Rogers’ views of their respective theories, how different their theories would be ifRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychoanalysis On The Unconscious Phases Of Personality Development1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of Psychoanalysis In the early 1800s, Psychologist and researchers were fervent in postulating and hypothesizing. Searching earnestly for answers to the many questions that were prevalent in those days. The theory of Psychoanalysis was one of such theory that was founded. Psychoanalysis emphases on the unconscious phases of personality development. The main tenets of this theory are characterized into four subsections. Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important inRead MoreCarl Jung and Sigmund Freud1412 Words   |  6 PagesCarl Jung and Sigmund Freud Introduction Carl Jung (1875-1961) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) were two individuals whose theories on human personality would completely affect the way that people viewed the human mind. Carl Gustav was a practicing psychotherapist while Sigmund Freud created the discipline of psychoanalysis. The two men had seemingly identical beliefs about human behavior, but also had contrasting beliefs about concepts such as the ego, the psyche, and the state of unconsciousnessRead MoreCarl Jung And Alfred Adler1517 Words   |  7 Pagesmost influential theorist was born, Sigmund Freud. During his childhood and adolescence years, his scholastic performance stood out. He graduated high school with honors, and set out to study medicine at Vienna University. While studying medicine, he was introduced to Ernest Von Bruke, who worked at the university as a physiology professor . Bruke assisted Freud in obtaining a grant to study with a psychiatrist, by the name of Jean Martin Charcot. In 1881 Sigmund Fr eud finally earned his doctoralRead MoreA Synopsis Of Sigmund Freud775 Words   |  4 PagesA Synopsis of Sigmund Freud The Theorist Sigmund Freud was born, May 6, 1856, and died 23 September, 1939. He was beyond a doubt one of the founding fathers of modern psychology. Sigmund Freud examined the human mind more in depth than anyone who became before him. His contributions to psychology are immeasurable. He was one of the most influential people throughout the twentieth century. His theories, and research have influenced not only psychology, but many other areas of culture, including theRead MoreSigmund Freud s Influence On Psychology751 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Freud was born, May 6, 1856, and died 23 September, 1939. He was beyond a doubt one of the founding fathers of modern psychology. Sigmund Freud examined the human mind more in depth than anyone before him. His contributions to psychology are immeasurable. He was very influential throughout the twentieth century. His theories, and research have influenced not only psychology, but many other areas of culture, including the way people raise their childre n even today. Freud influenced languageRead More The Three Elements of Personality by Sigmund Freud777 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. After several years of clinical practice, Sigmund Freud became concern about finding a new way to cure his patients. He developed a new way of treatment, the psychoanalytic therapy based on the existence of the unconscious. According to his theory, our behavior is driven by sexual and destructive feelings. Freud mentions in his psychoanalytical theory of personality there are five stages of psychosexualRead MoreTheories And Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages 1 Theories Theorist Tiffany Leaf Walden University Dr. Thomas Russo RSCH – 61007-6 Research Theory Life is full of many experiences and challenges which help individuals to grow and become better people. There has been tons of research to better understand how and why humans develop and grow the way they do. Among the many theories and therapist in the field of psychology, I have chosen psychosexual and psychosocial

The Handmaids Tale Societal Complacency - 1153 Words

After reading the Handmaids Tale, I felt that Societal Complacency was the most critical aspect to the success of the Gilead Society. The Republic of Gilead is a run by a strict Old Testament religious doctrine. This government does not tolerate anyone who does not conform, it is run mostly by fear. Fear of death or the wall or being sent to radioactive colonies. This new government is cruel towards women, it robbed them of their humanity under the guise of protecting them. This new republic has forced women to give up jobs, forbidden them from reading, they control or regulate sexual activity as well as reproduction and birth, they have also prohibited or limited speech between women and even renamed women so that it fits in with a more†¦show more content†¦Her belief gives her a false sense of security as well as her unwillingness to rebel due to fear of the Eyes. Her conversations with others are Praise be, Blessed be the fruit, and May the Lord open it is difficult for O ffred or any women to really have a meaningful conversation for fear that anyone is a spy. Everything that Offred does is now part of the norm of society. She doesnt question her duties just does what is expected of her. As Offred begins a secret relationship with Nick she believes she has reclaimed a tiny piece of her past. She becomes addicted to the small amount of companionship from Nick, causing her to turn a blind eye to the injustices going on around her. She feels empowered because it was her own choice. When in reality she did what was expected of her. Using her body in order to produce a child. Throughout the book there are many rituals that are followed by both the man and women. There are accepted greetings among the Handmaids they greet each other with a blessed be the fruit. (19) They also are unable to be out in public alone, they go out shopping with others in the same position. Ordinary, said Aunt Lydia, is what you are used to. This may not seem ordinary to you now, but after a time it will. It will become ordinary.(33) was remembered when Offred and Ofglen pass four men hanging dead outside the wall. This is another ritual, showing the publicShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1357 Words   |  6 Pagesrights on the ground of the equality of the sexes† (Oxford dictionary). In the novel The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood explores feminism through the themes of women’s bodies as political tools, the dynamics of rape culture and the society of complacency. Margaret Atwood was born in 1939, at the beginning of WWII, growing up in a time of fear. In the autumn of 1984, when she began writing The Handmaid’s Tale, she was living in West Berlin. The Berlin Wall had not yet fallen and in her travels â€Å"behindRead MoreCritical Analysis : The Handmaid s Tale 1129 Words   |  5 PagesZimbardo Quotes†). In Margaret Atwood’s dystopian novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, a pair Handmaid’s called Offred and Ofglen, and a wife named Serena Joy, clearly exhibit contrasting examples of complacency and passivity in their dystopia. Taking place in what used to be the United States, the Republic of Gilead begins their overthrow first with a massacre of the previous government, followed by the Republic effectively stripping women of their societal capacity for independence. To be a woman in Gilead, inRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesAn American journalist, Theodore White, once said, â€Å"power in America is control of the means of communication.† This holds true not only for America, but in many environments, including The Gileadean government in Margaret Atwood’s novel, The Handmaid’s Tale. There are two linguistic elements employed throughout the novel which bolster the totalitarian regime of the Gileadean government. The religious terminology and speech and the sexist language and symbols highlight the repression of free speechRead MoreUse Of Verbal And Symbolic Languages On The Handmaid s Tale2269 Words   |  10 Pagessame cultural tradition. Figurative language is a classification that exists within the complex societal settings and is often integrated that compromise of communication general concepts to specific initiatives. Therefore, in addition to spoken language, coded language can be taken by a given society in order to give both the direct and the indirect messages to the intended people. In The Handmaid’s Tale, the Atwood has chosen the use of verbal and symbolic languages to pass across her experience

Analysis Of Where Are You Going Where Have You Been ``...

Kevin Vasquez English Lisa 11/10/16 As humans we dream, think, and believe. Dreams allow us to imagine a better world and becoming better people. Thoughts allow us to logically make decisions. Beliefs allow us to have hope. In Joyce Carol Oates â€Å"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been?† and in Nathaniel Hawthorne â€Å" Young Goodman Brown† the protagonists are both presented with fantasy-like situations and we see how they deal with them. In â€Å"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been?† Connie is an average everyday girl who wants to free herself from authority instead of being a little girl. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Goodman is religious man who fears the supernatural, and has to make tough choices based on his religion and ideals. Both stories convey that our dreams, thoughts, and beliefs can control our actions. Connie dreams to be treated as herself and not be compared to anyone else. Oates emphasize the profound dysfunction with Connie s family, which ought to shield her from threats. Her dad is totally uninterested in his significant other and his two daughters. Neither one of the parents are present or mature enough to be involved in their little girl s life, neither asks her where she is going or where she has been. Connie wishes for freedom from her family. The entire circumstance makes her helpless against outside predators like Arnold Friend, who can misuse her disappointment and longing for something else. He didn’t bother talking much to them, but aroundShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Where Are You Going Where Have You Been1094 Words   |  5 PagesWhere are you going, Where have you been? â€Å"Where are you Going, Where Have You Been?† is a story written in 1966 by Joyce Carol Oates. It was originally published in Epoch magazine, but now it is in many short story anthologies. The story tells of a young girl named Connie, who doesn’t want to grow up, and is kidnapped by Arnold Friend one day when she is home alone. It is based on an American serial killer Charles Schmid, who lured young women to the desert where he murdered them. I first readRead MoreAnalysis Of Where Are You Going Where Have You Been1205 Words   |  5 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Joyce Carol Oates depicts the journey of Connie, a beautiful, mistreated, 15 year old girl yearning for attention and the loss of her innocence along the way. Oates creates this story around four murders by Charles Schmid and retells them with her own style, giving internal events the excitement, suspense, and climax normally associated with external events . Oates utilizes the demonic adversary, Arnold Friend, to awaken Connie from theRead MoreAnalysis Of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?977 Words   |  4 Pages A number of the stories, graphic memoirs and poems we discussed in class have introduced us to women who have been trapped in some way in their lives. Henrik Ibsen’s A Dolls House (1879) and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (1892) both demonstrate women being trapped by men in a patriarchal society in the nineteenth century. However, Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where are you going, where have you been?†(1974), Jamaica Kincaid’s short story â€Å"Girl† (1978) and Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novelRead MoreAnalysis Of Where Are You Going Where Have You Been914 Words   |  4 PagesKatie Gonzales Professor Golden November 7,2017 Essay â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† is a short story written by Joyce Carol that Oates in 1966. Oates based the short story on the well known serial killer Charles Howard Schmid, then wrote the article â€Å"Pied Piper of Tucson† by when he cruised an area in Tucson known as the Speedway in the 1960s, picking up girls.In 1985 Joyce Chopra along with her husband Tom Cole wrote the screenplay. Chopra and Oates portray several differences betweenRead MoreAnalysis Of Where Are You Going Where Have You Been1485 Words   |  6 PagesLots of people like to think they are in control of everything around them, but nobody can really understand or grasp something that large. â€Å"Where are you going, Where have you been,† is a short story concerning a young girl in a rush for freedom, which she quickly regrets. The story is based in the late 60s, and the main character, Connie, is fascinated with the new rebellious trend the 70s bring. She enjoys the new fash ion trends, the music, everything about it excited her. Connie always thoughtRead MoreAnalysis Of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been 1148 Words   |  5 PagesJoyce Oats short story, â€Å" Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been,† is a great read on many different levels. Oats displays the effects of youthfulness in a teenage girl named Connie. The story is a gripping story that unveils the weakness of a teenage girl. Connie could hardly validate fantasy from reality. She delights herself as a beautiful girl who understands the basic mores of life. Her need for boys attention makes her pride herself as a shinning example of beauty. Connie finds desire inRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesHurst 1 Allison Hurst Professor Ben Mayo English Comp II 30 April 2011 Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates In 1966, Joyce Carol Oates published her short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†. Oates was inspired to write this story after reading about a serial killer that was referred to as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson†. Oates was disturbed by the number of teenagers that this killer was able to persuade to help him and keep his secretsRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of, Where are you going, Where have you been By: Joyce Carol Oate’s In Joyce Carol Oate’s, â€Å"Where are you going, Where have you been†, a young teen by the name of Connie is in a stage of what appears to be rebellion. Along with many other teens, Connie’s parent’s oblivion to what she does outside of the house allows it to continue and worsen. Since Connie not being held accountable for her actions, it leads her down paths of destruction. Are Connie’s bad decisions really herRead More Critical Analysis of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?857 Words   |  4 PagesIn Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? the author, Joyce Carol Oates, essentially asserts that the nuances of ones personality are not generated from within, but rather shaped by external circumstances. This is an argument whose justification is abundantly clear in the inner conflict of Connie, the protagonist of the book. The source of that struggle is her unstable relationship with her family, which ultimately results in her identity conflict. As one who always been deprivedRead MoreMovie Analysis : Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been976 Words   |  4 PagesFilm directors often change or take out essential parts of a story during the screenplay’s production. In the film Smooth Talk (1985), Joyce Chopra, the movie’s director, took the risk in portraying Joyce Carol Oates’s short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been.† In her film reproduction of the story, Chopra pitches a few scenes with the main character, Connie, about her lifestyle. The short story only summarizes Connie’s personality in a few written sentences. However, these changes

Federalism and Separation of Power Free Essays

Democracy as a system of political administration has been termed over years as a product of several institutions working together to ensure the sustainability of an exclusive political system. Democratic institutions in a state are saddled with the responsibility of sustaining a nation’s democratic process such institutions like legislature, judiciary and the executive are the major institutions that guarantee efficiency in a democratic system. ( Ologbenla 1996) Basically, the legislative arm is the major institution that guarantees such because it represents the generality of the people’s interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Federalism and Separation of Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now The doctrines of separation of power and checks and balances are two major tenets of democracy. Both doctrines provide basic principles that should be upheld in any democratic state. The adherence to these democratic tenets depends largely on the level of political adherence that follows the basic rules and regulations that guides the conduct of both the ruler and the ruled in an exclusive political community. Such rules and regulation are codified in a document known as constitution. A constitution is a legal framework that spells out the composition, function, and jurisdiction of government officials. Almond et al. 1966) It is a body of fundamental rules guiding the affairs of state. It states the relationship between the governors and the governed. Separation of powers is a doctrine propounded by Baron de’ Montesquieu which stipulates that in order to avoid arbitrary use of power, power should be decentralised and shared among the organs of government such that no organ bec omes too powerful. (Neumann 1949) The principle of checks and balances states that an organ of government should act as a watchdog on the other organs of government so as to curb their excesses. In a democratic system all governmental powers are derived from the constitution, it also spells out the functions and relationship of major governmental institutions such as the executive, judiciary and the legislature such that no organ of government can interfere in the affairs of the other. The constitution makes each arm of government to be an independent and coordinate unit, independent in terms of its sphere of influence and coordinate in its inter-governmental relationship with other arms of government. With cognisance to the American democratic structure, the constitution provides for separation of powers by stipulating the functions of the various arms of government and also the jurisdiction of the different tiers of government, whereby the executive cannot meddle in the affairs of the legislature and vice-versa. The primary function of the legislature is the making of laws ;( Easton 1961) it would be a total negation of the principle of separation of power if such function is being exercised by the executive. Although, the executive can propose a bill after much deliberation by the legislature can be passed into law but the power to make laws lie in within the jurisdiction of the legislature. But in recent times the principle had been challenged due to the overwhelming power and personality of the executive. For example, President George Bush after the Sept 11 attack on the world trade centre proposed a bill to the congress to invade Iraq. Before the house could pass the bill he had sent troops to wage war in Iraq. This was contrary to the constitutional provisions which states that before United State would engage in a war it must be ratified by the congress in a joint session. Checks and balances on the other is to serve as a balance between the various organs of government in such a way that an arm of government serve as the watchdog over the other arms of government. (Neumann 1949) This function is majorly that of the judiciary this is the done through judicial reviews which help scrutinize both activities of the executive and the legislature. For this function to be performed to the optimum level there is the need for an independent judiciary that is free from executive manipulation. A bill is a proposed law that is not yet law until it is passed by the law making body in the country and received the executive or presidential assent. (Easton 1961) There are several stages that are involved in the passing of a bill before it becomes law. The first stage of the bill is the first introduction of the bill to the house. The introduction of bill could either be a private member bill or it originates from the lower house depending on the type of legislative chamber in operation. In a two chamber legislative house, bills originate from the lower house and are deliberated on in a joint session. This stage marks the first reading of the bill to the house. The second reading marks a stage where the bill is fully deliberated upon by lawmakers and it represents a crucial stage in the passing of such bill into law, because this stage determines whether such bill would become law. After the bill had successfully passed through the second reading then a committee would be constituted to critically examine and analyse the bill, give recommendations and possible impact of the bill if passed into law. This stage represents the committee stage. After constituting the committee, the next stage is the report stage where the committee presents their report to the house on the bill. After the committee stage the bill is presented to the lawmakers for adoption. It should be noted that at this stage the bill can still be rejected if the lawmakers refuse to adopt the bill by voting against it. But if the bill was accepted by the lawmakers then it can now proceed to the third stage which requires the president’s assent. If the bill passed by the legislature was not assented to by the executive, the legislature can constitutionally veto such bill into law after a period of 14 days. Federalism is a political system in which governmental powers are shared among the different tiers and organs of government such that each tier and organ is coordinate, independent, and exclusive in its own sphere of authority. (Leslie 1954) With reference to the debate on whether state power had been reduced or increased in a federal structure, cognisance would be given to emerging democracies mostly in third world countries where democratic structures are still growing. In Nigeria, state powers are gradually reduced as the constitution vested much power in the exclusive legislative list which only allows the federal government to legislate. (Ologbenla 1996) Matters such as currency, defence, health, mining, state creation, local government creation, boundary adjustment, leaving the state with little area to exercise its sphere of control. Unlike other federal structures like the United State of America where states have the autonomy on state police, the Nigerian federal structure did not provide for such provisions even at the agitation of states to have their autonomy on the issue. In 2003, the Lagos state government embarked on the creation of local government which was later regarded as unconstitutional and led to a legal matter between the state and the federal government. (Tadese 2012) The judgement was later passed in favour of the federal citing that states do not have the constitutional right to create such establishment. In the American federal structure allows for state power to be shared between the central, state, and municipal governments in such a way that each state has its own constitution where it derives it powers from. Although when such laws clashes with national constitution the latter prevails. Federalism has been the major factor sustaining the democratic values as it has it functionality in both the principle of separation of powers and checks and balances which is maintained through the efficacy of institutions that guarantees a smooth democratic process. References Almond Gabriel, Gabber Powell. (1966). Comparative Politics: A developmental approach; Little Brown ; Co, Boston. Print. Easton David. (1961). A framework of political analysis, Yale University Press, New Haven. Print. Leslie Lipson. (1954). The Great Issues of Politics (5th edition) Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Print. Neuman Franz. (1949). Introduction to Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws. Translated by Thomas Nugent: Halfner publishers, Chicago. Print. Ologbenla Derin. (1996). Introduction to political science, Olucity Press Limited, Lagos. Print. Tadese. Oyeniyi. A battle of legal supremacy; Lagos State faces FG on creation of local government. Vanguard Newspaper. Web 30 September 2012. How to cite Federalism and Separation of Power, Papers