Events Management Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Events Management Law - Essay Example Also the overall situation while reviewing the terms of the contract. But it would not be wrong to mention that, in this case, the requirements of the audience were not considered during such previous deliberations. The main questions that arise is this: Are the basic needs of the audience, viewed in the light of shows conducted by highly acclaimed and successful divas as the present one, subservient to such demands and is it necessary to bend rules and conduct to suit individual requirements, much to the detriment of common health and safety norms. The laws relating to law of tort could be applied in this particular instance which could hold the organising groups responsible for deficiencies in public services by not providing basic amenities to the viewing public. There are also elements of lack of car or imputed negligence which could become cause for later action. It needs to be reaffirmed that in such events, the onus of proving that standards of care were maintained would lie on the organisers who have take up the responsibility for stage managing this concert. It would be first of all, necessary to take up aspects of health and safety laws since providing for necessary air- conditioning would come primarily under public safety standards. Apparently, there has been a deficiency in service, and audience comprising of around 12,000 people had to endure 90 F heat and resultant health detriment. It is quite possible that the section of audience who have suffered health loss could file suits against event management organisers for reparation of health damages due to exposure to excessive heat and related hazards. The organisers could seek remedies under insurance coverage schemes, or exclusion clause. The main idea behind exclusion clauses is to limit or exempt the extent of liability in the event of any problem relating to performance of agreed contract. The conditions for the enforcement of the exclusion clause

The IOM Report and The Impact of Nursing Essay Example for Free

The IOM Report and The Impact of Nursing Essay The Institute of Medicine and The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation worked together to create a report that would change the future of nursing. The two teams worked on this project for two years. During this time they came up with four key messages. The four key messages are as stated, â€Å" Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training, nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression, nurses should be full partners, with physicians and other health care professionals, in redesigning health care in the United States, and effective workforce planning and policy making require better data collection and information infrastructure. † (The future of nursing: leading change, advancing health 2010) The IOM report shows the importance of a nurse and how this will help change the future of nursing. The Institute of Medicine report informs everyone how important nurses are in giving high-quality, safe, patient centered care. The IOM report wants nurses to continue their education and help with the health care system. The future of nursing report wants more nurses to have a baccalaureate and doctoral degree in nursing. The nurse must commit to continue learning new information for the rest of their life or career. Nurse should also function to the full extent of their scope of practice. When caring for patients you are caring for them physically, emotionally, and spiritually. (Fights S. D. 2012) The Institute of Medicine report has a big impact on nursing education. According to the report and one of its key messages, â€Å"Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression.† (The future of nursing: leading change, advancing health 2010) Nurses are required to have 24 continuous education hours every time they renew their license. Nurses are always learning new protocols and procedures when they are at work. Most hospitals are beginning to require you have a bachelor’s degree to even get hired on at their facility. They want more nurses to achieve their bachelor’s degree in nursing. In nursing school the instructors are teaching more public health, preventative care, and are preparing the nurses to be able to use their learned knowledge on the job. I think schools are making it easier for nurses to begin working with the clinical setting teaching. Most of the test taken in school is based on clinical setting questions rather than knowledge based questions. Through this type of testing you must use your critical thinking skills in the classroom first before using it on the job. The Institute of Medicine report also has a big impact on the nursing practice. The goal to caring for patients is care for them at their own individual needs and not at the nurse’s convenience. The care of a patient must be centered on the patient. Instead of having just acute care or specialty care, the care has been broken into more define groups. Some of the groups include preventative care, palliative care, primary care, chronic conditions, and hospital-acquired infections. Every nurse must practice to their full potential of their education and training. Teaching is a major way you can help your patients with their health. Most patients take medications and don’t even know what they are taking them for. When patients are educated about their condition and the preventative care they can better care for them self and know signs and symptoms to report to you and the physician. The Institute of Medicine report has had a big impact on the nurse’s role as a leader. When you are a nurse you must take charge and be the leader to care for your patients. Many people are working with each patient and one person needs to know what is going on with that patient at all times and that would be the nurse. The nurse plays a very important leadership role. Nurses must communicate with the physicians concerns about the patient. Nurses also need to communicate with other nurses for report or if they need help with a patient. Everyone needs to work together as a team in order to provide the patient with safe, patient centered care. I will make sure I am communicating all my concerns to the physician and fellow nurses to better care for my patient. The IOM report shows the importance of a nurse and how this will help change the future of nursing. Nurses are the main person caring for the patients while they are following the physicians’ orders. The nurse is the one who will notice changes in the patient first and needs to be able to communication with the physicians and other nurses efficiently. Caring for patients is a team effort. Physicians, nurses, and other specialized medical staff needs to work together in order to provide safe care. By focusing on the patient and their unique needs you can provide safe, effective, patient centered care. Nurses are very important to help maintain the health of patients to their full potential. References Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine,Institute of Medicine. Front Matter. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011 Fights, S. D. (2012). Nurses Lead From Where We Stand: How Can You Impact the Future Of Nursing?. MEDSURG Nursing, 21(2), 57-58. The future of nursing: leading change, advancing health. (2010). Connecticut Nursing News, 83(4), 1.

The nature and power of prejudice

The nature and power of prejudice Prejudice has been around since the seventeenth century this behavior still exists and continues to surround us all in each population. In many countries today prejudice is still a big issue among different cultures people always tend to stereotype others just because of race,sex,color or whatever the case may be I fell this is unfair because people lives are at jeopardy in so many ways because of the negative thinking. Prejudices are opinions formed beforehand without any reason knowledge or thought. I have been taught about the history of prejudice and how serious it had been in the past. So many people and great leaders lost their lives because of stereotyping. The nature and power of prejudice There are so many prejudices in the world today from racial, gender, and culture. I have experienced all three in some way or other gender being one I have a family member that prefers the same sex and I have watched my own family tear him apart. it upsets me because he is family have heard these same people sit around and talk about how other people are prejudice and they are doing the same thing to a loved one. I have witnessed him being told that he needs to stop acting and straighten up or he will be disowned from the family now that they have made him feel out cast he has not come to a family gathering in three years. I know that in the bible it says you must not commit this sin but people are only human and they are going to choose to live how they want. I feel that people can live their lives how they choose they will suffer their own consequences when the time comes. However, racial and culture prejudice is the most despicable and ignorant people should not be judged for the color of their skin these days all colors have some kind of racial slur about all cultures. On the other hand, many people have moved away from being prejudice. For example, people of different races now share many of the same attitudes and aspirations (Etzioni1999). For instance, where I work there are blacks, white, Hispanics and when Obama was being elected in to office only a few where upset and out of that few they were black majority of the white were agreeing that we need a black president in office. I feel that racial prejudice may be disappearing many people attitudes are changing with time from how it has been in the past. I am a very neutral person even when I am hearing my friends or family say negative things about Caucasians, I pretty much get along with everybody it really just depends on that persons attitude you should do unto others as you wish them to do un to you the world would be a much better place. Social sources of prejudice Social sources of prejudice starts from family influences there are so many children raised to be prejudice. Prejudice springs from unequal status and from other social sources, including our acquired values and attitudes (Castelliothers2007). Sinclair stated that children implicit racial attitudes reflect their parents explicit prejudice (Sinclairothers). When raised in these types of homes puts society at risk, many children hold a lot of anger depending on what they were taught by their family. One example being, I watched this movie called bowling for columbine and he talked about a lot of prejudice issues and people who have the authoritarian attitude. He talked about how the KKK still lives and showed clips of how they live and train their children. Many of the clips were disturbing they showed how they taught children to shoot guns and a lot of negativity towards African Americans. He also discussed how those boys killed many students at columbine high school. I remember one clip showing the boys talking about whom they were going to shoot and one of them had stated we are going to get the black boy just because he is black. The insecurity of authoritarian children seemed to predispose them toward an excessive concern with power and status and a flexible right-wrong way of thinking that made ambiguity difficult to tolerate. Such people therefore tended to be submissive to those with power over them and aggressive or punitive toward those whom they consider beneath them. (Myers 2010) I fear for society if people are out here teaching their children to hate, I am almost afraid to send my children out in the world when we have people out here with these negative thoughts. Religion and prejudice However, religion and prejudice stated by William James those who benefit from social inequalities while avowing, All are created equal need to justify keeping things they way they are (Myers2010). I agree with this statement there are so many hypocritical people that attend church they are the most judgmental and stereotypical people I have ever seen. So many churches lead people to support their prejudices. I have an uncle and aunt whom are very deep off into church. They are always quick to judge, I remember when I was a little girl they would call my father the devil. Because he drank, instead of trying to help him, they would talk about him and he would constantly talk about how he hated lesbians and gays. Sometimes you have to be careful of what you say now their children have grown up and they are now doing those devilish things like drinking, and relationships with the opposite sex. The church that I attend is not bad when it comes to judging people. This church is a come as you are there are different races, cultures and people with the opposite sex whom attend church. My pastor teaches us to love one another and not to be so judgmental towards people. He always says each of us will have our judgment day when that time comes. I feel that people should live their lives how they want they are the only ones whom have to answerer to god. Social institutions support racial prejudice these people use their superiority to justify their beliefs. This was most common in the 1960s. For example segregation in schools and banks whom would not offer opportunities to unmarried women and African Americans. I do remember a couple of years back reading an article about how a school down south wanted to segregate the prom and how parents were protesting not to segregate the prom. I feel racism still exists in many communities in America. Sources that motivate prejudice Frustration and anger has a lot to do with issues of being prejudice when people are competing for things that may be scare to society. Now that we are in recession, many people feel that Caucasians have a better chance at job opportunities than African Americans. I feel that in some ways it is true because how society is so judgmental these days and this is why many people have so much hate towards each other. Things will never get better it just seems like everything just keeps going around in a circle. For example, my Caucasian friend and I conducted an experiment to see who would really get the job I had all the qualifications for the position and she did not have any skills for that position. At the end of our interviews, she had been the one chosen to fill the position. This is what keeps society frustrated and anger and this is what showed us how I had been stereotyped just that quick. Social identity and feeling superior to others was one way that our ancestors lived to protect themselves by living in groups. People will do whatever they have to do to protect their groups in most countries. For example, over in Iraq when the war first started how these people are so willing to kill themselves to protect their country. When lacking self-esteem this is what causes people with social identities to become confused. Many disadvantage people find security in groups and this is what makes them so willing to do anything in their power for their group. Many feel that by being in groups this is a need for status and feeling superior over others. I have noticed that we do tend to still group when you look at different communities you can see how we segregate ourselves there are many communities where there are all African Americans. Hispanics and Caucasians where as some communities have a mixture of all races that live and get along in the same communities with no problems. I feel that in some way or another we all have some kind of issue with prejudice even if you do not feel like you are it is somewhere deep down inside and that is why we segregate our selves. I have heard some people say that neighbor hoods were blacks live are terrible I could never live there. I have heard people talk about communities saying that the police are prejudice where there are majority whites. That is why they choose to live elsewhere. Nevertheless, these are the same people that are quick to call someone else prejudice and not willing to admit to their own. However, we must learn to avoid prejudices by suppressing unwanted thoughts this can be very hard for people that have phobias about homosexuals and elderly people. This would be because this is all that that have known all of their lives. I can remember when I use to work in a retirement home in dietary their were a lot of elderly people and they use to always make racial comments when I waited on their tables I would just look at them and ignore the ignorant slurs. I had to deal with this for six years I use to feel so much anger towards Caucasian people. I then started to realize that I could not hate all Caucasians because of what a couple of elderly people were saying. This is the way that they had been raised all of their lives and they were from the segregation days and times are changing now. Not all Caucasians have this same racial attitude. I am proud of myself by going through that experience it had brought me to break the prejudice habits that I may have had. Cognitive sources of prejudice Cognitive sources of prejudice are in categories by classifying and grouping people from what we perceive. We as people are always quick to put people in two categories by their appearance. Jim Blascovich stated it is necessary for prejudice social identity theory implies that those who feel their social identity keenly will concern themselves with correctly categorizing people as us or them(Jim Blascovich1997). For example, when I first moved in to my home my neighbors are Caucasian I had lived here for a couple of months she and I had never spoken so I instantly categorized her thinking she was prejudiced as she had already assumed the same for me. Until one particular night, someone was trying to break into my home while I was here asleep and she sent her son out to scare him away. The next morning she came over knocked on the door and told me what had happened. I then realized she was not what I had thought about her all along she is a very nice person and every since that day we speak on a daily basis and we always keep each other informed on what is going on in the neighborhood. Sometimes we have to be careful on how we judge people because you may actually miss having a good friendship with someone. I feel that black men in society today or categorized, as dangerous gang members, and drug dealers. This is why when a crime has been committed black men are the first to be accused. I have always heard statements like was he black or white. The main thing that gets me is that they ask if he was black first as if they had already been assumed that he is black. I remember a couple of years back when a Caucasian woman drowned her own children she blamed a black man of kidnapping her children and stealing her car the police and media were on this big man hunt for this black man just because they are assumed as criminals every time something happens. I feel that because of all of our negative perceptions of people we all tend to categorize on another. For instance, how men use to categorize women as only being able to stay home and bear children and not being intelligent enough to work. These perceptions also feel that all blacks are uneducated hoodlums, and the same is for how homosexuals are a disgrace to the world. These errors occur because most of us focus on the person and not on their situations. The more we continue to have these types of stereotypical attitudes it is a lesser chance that the world will be willing to accept one another as equal human beings. Consequences of being prejudice There are have been many problems in society because of the ignorance of prejudice. When society tends to label, it can sometimes lead to dangerous activity. I can remember learning in school about all of our civil rights leaders and how many of them had lost their lives, how people acted out with violence in the sixties. There were billions of dollars lost, because of riots due to the violence in society. They were only trying to bring people together in harmony, so that we can all treat each others as equals to put an end to stereotyping. There were so many people at this time that were angry that they felt there should not be equal rights between each human being and this is what lead them to take the lives of these very heroic men. So many innocent people have been targeted by prejudice actions, and affect the behavior of the person holding the prejudice issues as well. For example, for most homosexuals find it hard to tell their families that they are living this life style, bec ause they feel they will not be accepted, so in order to avoid the rejection they end up committing suicide. the person whom holds all the anger with prejudice issues will eventually one day act out in society with some kind of violent act and this is how innocent people always end up getting killed for instance the 9/11 attack there were thousands of people who had died for nothing just because of the ignorance of prejudice. In conclusion, Prejudice has been around since the seventeenth century this behavior still exists and continues to surround us all in each population. In many countries today prejudice is still a big issue among different cultures people always tend to stereotype others just because of race,sex,color or whatever the case may be I fell this is unfair because people lives are at jeopardy in so many ways because of the negative thinking. The world would be a better place if everyone would just stop being so judgmental towards each other.

Nike strategy :: essays research papers

After Nike’s success in the US is inarguable, its intent to focus on the international markets. The company wants to generate more than half of its revenue from overseas. In my opinion, Nike’s strategies and tactics are to seek on the opportunity to do the marketing on its radical, rebellious and anti-establishment images to the international markets and to benefit from its use of overseas factories to outsource manufacturing processes. For example, †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Nike ad in Soccer America magazine that delivered the massage to Europe, Asia and Latin America. Part of its message mentioned to their local investors to better invest in some deodorant. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A TV commercial featured a Manchester United player explaining how spitting at a fan and insulting a coach won him a Nike contract. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Nike advertising campaign at the Atlanta Olympic Games with the slogan â€Å"You don’t win silver, you lose gold.† †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Nike’s factories in Vietnam, China and Indonesian. For those marketing efforts, Nike does successful to promote itself with its not-quite-nice images and also generate some criticism that I think they are irresponsible as we can see from their ad that they does not create any positive effects to the society. For its use of overseas factories, it is great opportunity to expand the production base to the lower cost of labor, but it is totally irresponsible and unethical when labor practice does not meet the standard. In my point of view, the most unethical Nike’s decision is not to take the responsibility to ensure at least minimum and humane standards that it should offer to its work force. For example, in Vietnam, Nike paid its workers less than the cost of three meals of rice and vegetables and tofu. It treated workers no better than in sweatshops with only two drinks of water and one bathroom break in an eight hour shift. Also Nike let its contractors in developing countries to use child labor under sub-standard conditions. On the other hand, the least unethical Nike’s decision is to have a TV commercial featured a Manchester United player explaining how spitting at a fan and insulting a coach won him a Nike contract.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason that I reach these judgments, for the most unethical decision, Nike lacks of social responsibilities in term of both legal and ethical responsibilities. Although, there were some people agree with sweatshops because it was better than the firm leaves the workers, it was the best of the workers’ only bad options or it was a path from poverty to greater wealth, but if at least Nike improved their workers working standards, it would help to better increase their quality of lives.

Confronting Physician- Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: My Father’s Death” by Susan Wolf

In the article â€Å"Confronting Physician- Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: My Father’s death† by Susan Wolf, I would also be â€Å"forced to rethink my objections to legalizing assisted suicide and euthanasia†. (Wolf, 2008) I have never been put in this type of a situation where someone’s life depended on it. Having to make the decision to help someone move toward death sooner to ease the pain and suffering they are dealing with, is not something that can be taken lightly. Being left to make the final decision on ending someone’s life to help end their suffering can be completely hard to imagine doing. Watching someone suffer so much can also be very hard to endure. I have never been put in this type of situation and I hope I never have to but I am going to put myself in Susan Wolf’s place and give my point of view of the situation she was put in on such a big decision of a loved one. There are a lot of people who would rather end their life than continue to go on living with the pain and suffering they are dealing with. About three or four years ago, my father in law was suffering from Pulmonary Fibrosis, a lung condition that the tissues deep in the lungs become thick or scarred over time and some people would describe the lungs looking like honeycombs. He was diagnosed in 2000 and was only given about three years to live but lived for six. There were times he would say he â€Å"wishes there was a switch to turn off because he cannot take anymore of the suffering. † He was ready to end his life and the suffering but he kept going until November 15, 2008 when he passed away. He made sure that there was a do not resuscitate in place because he did not want to continue to suffer. Susan’s father’s physical health was declining and it was affecting his mental capacity as well.. She describes him as â€Å" a smart, savvy lawyer, the family patriarch. She could see his spark for life start to fade at the end when he could not even read or do the New York Times crossword puzzles he used to knock off in an hour, or even watch T. V. (Wolf, 2008) I would wonder how much worse this would become and how much longer he would have to live with the pain and the suffering of it all. It is not something I would want to endure myself. Susan’s father was ready to accelerate his departure and she wanted to consider the options and let him know his options as well. I would have done the same thing. Discuss the options available to make sure he gets what he wants. She was watching her father’s health dwindle so fast that she could ot let him continue to suffer anymore. Her father was the man who insisted that â€Å" he would want everything, even in a persistent vegetative state† (Wolf, 2008) was throwing in the towel and wanting to stop any more treatments and to further â€Å"accelerate† (Wolf, 2008) the process, had to be devastating reality that he had to face and something no one wants to face at all. There are a lot of people who think it is o. k. to assist with the ending of one’s life if the situation is right for it. There really is no way to tell if anyone wants to end their suffering unless there is written proof that they want to do so and have it signed and notarized by the patient. Everyone should have a say when it comes to our bodies especially if we are dying and suffering really bad. It will take the people speaking up and having their concerns heard before something can ever take place for people who are suffering very badly and do not want to suffer anymore. What about someone on life support that is in a lot of pain but cannot speak for their self? The decision is left to the families and sometimes the families opt to keep the person living even though that person may be in a world of pain but cannot speak for themselves. Then there are the ones that do take their loved one off of life support to stop the suffering. It is the same thing. Deciding what is right for the dying family member. It is a very tough decision to make just like it was for Susan Wolf in respecting her father and his wishes to just die and end the suffering. I do not think Susan made a wrong decision she help decide for her father. He was able to go naturally which she justified on her own level of moral. Assisted suicide is not a wrong choice if someone can no longer live with the pain and suffering they are enduring. It would be better to have paper work to prove this is what the person wants rather than the person taking their own life. I for one suffer on a daily basis with chronic pain that I cannot get diagnosed. There are days I am in more pain than I ever want to be and just want to end it for good but I am young and have four children and a husband I could not bear to leave behind. I deal with the pain and take medication to help keep it under control. I do hope that one day if it gets out of control, that I have the option to terminate my life if need be. The way I see it is no one should ever have to suffer. Everyone deserves to have peace and be peaceful in the end.ReferencesWolf, S. M. (2008). Confronting Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia:My Father’s Death. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com

Law of Hospitality in Odyssey essays

Law of Hospitality in Odyssey essays The Importance of the Law of Hospitality in Homers The Odyssey The Law of Hospitality is an unwritten law in which a host cannot refuse a guest, whether it is a weary traveler, a nobleman, or a beggar. This law is not widely used today, if at all, but in the time of Homers The Odyssey, this was considered a moral and ethical code. However, there were certain standards that were to be upheld in this agreement. The host could not refuse a guest or make him leave; at the same time, a guest could not mistreat or behave in an otherwise unacceptable way toward the others in the hosts house. In the same respect, a guest could not overstay his welcome in the hosts home. In The Odyssey, this guest-host relationship was shown in all of its forms throughout the book. There are three basic forms that the Law of Hospitality can be expressed in. Both the guest and host can benefit, or be unaffected by the visit. Another common situation that can result from a guest-host relationship is that the houseguest can affect the host in a bad way. Also, contrarily, the host can affect the guest in a bad way. All of these situations were present in The Odyssey in many forms. The Law of Hospitality is shown in what some may see as an unusual pair; a person of low status accepts a person of equal if not higher status. Eumaeus is the swineherd who used to work for Odysseus; who has remained loyal to him in his absence. When Odysseus, (disguised as a beggar) comes to his humble home, Eumaeus accepts him, regardless of the fact that he is of lesser status. Eumaeus treats him with the same respect as he would any person. When Eumaeus sees Odysseys disguised as the beggar, just barley surviving his dogs, he doesnt even give him a chance to speak before saying, Come to the cabin. Youre a wanderer to. You must eat something, drink some wine, and tell me where you are from and the hard times youve...

English 102 Paper 1

English 102 Paper 1 English 102 Paper 1 Trident Technical College Journey â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost A Man† Emanuel Quinones English 102 Dr. Lee Baginski March 30, 2015 Work Cited Wright, Richard. ""The Man Who Was Almost a Man"." Literature: A Pocket Anthology. New York: Pearson, 2005. 202-213. Web. The Man Who Was Almost a man The story tells of a boy that learns quite a lesson when he wants to be treated seriously, like a man. Separating himself from the other workers and his family, because in his head being seventeen made him â€Å"Almost a man† (Wright, 202). Dave is tired of being treated like a child and believes that if he owned a gun, it would jump-start him into man-hood, things would change, â€Å"One of these days he was going to get a gun and practice shooting, then they couldn’t talk to him as though he were a little boy† (Wright 202). In the end, Dave’s return home was short lived, because he decided to run away that night on the midnight train heading â€Å"away to somewhere, somewhere where he could be a man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wright 213). In the story Dave separates himself in two different ways throughout the story: 1. He separates himself from the other workers on the Hawkins farm mentally. He saw himself as â€Å"almost a man† (wright 202) and wanted to be treated like one. 2. He separates himself from his family by the end of the story by running away from home because he does not want to deal with the punishment he would receive from his father, â€Å"He remembered other beatings, and his back quivered† (Wright 212), for the donkey that he accidentally shot. Dave wanted to be treated like a man so badly, and thought that owning a gun would help that wish come true, that he would stop at nothing to get it especially not begging his mother â€Å"Ahma beg her t gimme some money† (Wright 202). He went over to the town store and borrowed the catalog that Mister Joe had, to look at one he would want to buy, until Joe told him that he would sell him a gun â€Å"why don’t you buy one from me?† (Wright 203). That night he decided to beg his mother for some of his money to buy Mister Joes gun, but his mother didn’t want to give him the money for such a thing â€Å"Yuh ain gonna toucha penny of tha money fer no gun!† (Wright 206). After wearing his mother down, she allowed him to get the gun â€Å"Yuh bring it straight back t me† (Wright 206) but only on the condition that the gun would be for his father â€Å"it be fer pa† (Wright 206). After he bought the gun â€Å"he had not come into the hou se until he knew that they were all asleep.† (Wright 207). He did not bring the gun back to his mother as she had told him to do, he lied telling his mother that â€Å"the gun was hidden outdoors† (Wright 206). Dave felt different with the gun in his hands, â€Å"feeling a sense of power.† (Wright 207), he didn’t feel like a child he definitely felt like a man and now everyone â€Å"would have to respect him† (Wright 207). Dave’s return trip home was not what he wanted it to be. The gun, being a lot stronger than Dave

Siddhartha Gautama

Siddhartha Gautama Siddhartha GautamaI come to you in these words to help you find the way to enlightenment. It is a hard road to find the way. What do you think it will take to find enlightenment? To first find this answer you need to look around you and see our people. What are their struggles and what are the reasons? You have to find this to understand what is needed to find the way.From my time observing our people I have found a problem of suffering is not something that will go away or that we can cure. We must understand that suffering is a mere part of our lives. We must take the time to understand suffering so to find the way. So what types of suffering are we talking about? We are speaking of pain, misery, sorrow, disappointment, frustration, discontent, disaffection, pessimism, and the sense of unfulfillment (2005).The Suffering (Doctor Who audio)

Why Educators Should Do Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Educators Should Do Research - Essay Example Even though, the phrase reflective practice is understood and interpreted in diverse ways, reflective practice is considered as a way through which practitioners can form a wider level of self-awareness concerning the nature, as well as the impact of their performance. This is the type of awareness, which shapes opportunities for professional development and growth. According to Ash & Clayton (2004), awareness is vital for behavioral change. In order to gain a fresh level of insight into personal actions, the reflective practitioner imagines a dual attitude on one hand, the actor in a drama and, alternatively, the opponent who sits in the viewers watching and assessing the whole performance. In order to achieve this perception, people must come to an understanding of their own attitudes (Hartman, 2001). They need to develop a conscious awareness of their own behavior and its consequences and the theories-in-use or ideas, which shape their action strategies. A reflective practitioner, therefore, is someone who, at normal intervals, reflects on the work they execute, as well as the work procedure, and thinks how he or she can improve the work. He or she echoes on the work they have accomplished (Minott, 2009). A reflective practitioner is not happy to go on at the current standard, he or she wants to improve and they do not believe in the saying, ‘if it is not broke, then do not fix it’. Everybody ought to be a ‘reflective practitioner’, in essence, as in an educator’s case, when they are teaching various types of students. An educator needs to learn from the mistakes and experiences of others (Hartman, 2001). They need to look at what they are doing, as well as how other educators are doing the same thing and ask themselves whether anything be improved? Or whether anything can be done better? The plea to apply reflective practice for educators is that as learning and teaching are multifaceted, and there is not one accurate approa ch, echoing on diverse versions of teaching, and redesigning current and past experiences will lead to enhancement in teaching practices. As Minott (2009) confirms, reflective practice moves educators from their knowledge base of discrete skills to a level in their careers where they are capable of modifying their skills to suit specific situations and contexts, and ultimately invent new techniques. In applying a process of reflective practice, educators will be capable of moving themselves, and their classrooms, past current theories in practice. Minott (2009) concludes that educators should oppose establishing a classroom tradition of control and endeavor a reflective practitioner, constantly taking part in a critical reflection, therefore, remaining fluid in the active environment of the classroom. Personally, I cannot move forward with my work knowing that I have not achieved a certain goal or my students have not attained the mark they are supposed to as set by the standards of my school. I believe that students need to see their educator put it some form of effort towards them in order for them to assist put the effort needed to achieve academically. The effort I put, all the sacrifice is give, such a private tutoring without, has aided to the success of my career and also the achievement of my students academically. My sole duty as an educator is to make sure that my students succeed academically. This motto has not only assisted me into developing my knowledge, but also aided in the success of my classroom, as well as the reputation of my school. Part B In essence, everybody wants to be successful at what they do. The level of success depends just with the

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business - Essay Example In general, the role of MIS in terms of a DSS is to analyze and process business data that will aid business decision making efficiently (Nowduri 2011). For instance, MIS provides comparative sales figures pertaining to a week, revenue figures projected on assumptions of a new product and history of decisions or workarounds performed (Nowduri 2011). Types of information Systems Following are the five kinds of information system (Asemi, Safari et al. 2011) Office information system (OIS) Transaction processing system (TPS) Management information system (MIS) Decision support system (DSS) Expert system (ES) The hardware’s, software’s and networks are utilizes by the office information system (OIS) in order to improve the communication as, well as the work flow between the employees. In addition with the help of automated information system users can perform several tasks electronically while using other electronic devices such as computers etc. for instance, it is easy fo r a registration department to e-mail the class schedule to the students through internet. On the other hand if the information system is not implemented then manually the registration department has to photocopy the schedule and post it to the student’s house. The transaction processing system delineates the everyday transactions held by the organizations. Its main purpose is to confine and to develop the information that is produced by the organizations. The term transaction is described as the everyday business activities for example cash deposits, payments, orders or reservations. In fact, this activity is significantly performed by the accounting staff. The management information system (MIS) is a kind of information system that produces such information that is precise, appropriate and well structured. In addition, this information is utilizing by the managers and the other users in order to make right decisions, solves troubles, track progresses, provides reports on re gular basis (Awais, Samin et al. 2011) and manages activities. Therefore, the management information system (MIS) is also known as the management reporting systems (MRS). Furthermore, three fundamental kinds of information are provided via MIS such as (Awais, Samin et al. 2011): Example of detail report is Detailed Order Report. Example of summary report is an Inventory Summary. Example of exception report is an Inventory Exception Report. In a decision making situations an information system i.e. Decision Support System (DSS) is produced that can help the users to achieve better decisions. The data that is used by the Decision Support Systems (DSS) is either from internal or from external source. (Awais, Samin et al. 2011) The Internal sources of data might include sales, manufacturing, inventory, or financial data from an organization’s database. Data from external sources could include interest rates, population trends, and costs of new housing construction or raw material pricing. However, DSS provides a series of excellent decision making techniques. The Expert System is an information system that is designed to incarcerate and store data from human experts. Moreover, this information is utilized by the less expert employees that lack good decision making skills. This Expert System (ES) is based on two components such as, knowledge base and inference rules. Discussion One of the tight-spot in this research paper is that today managers are

Urban marginality in Los Angeles as seen through the film Boyz N The Essay

Urban marginality in Los Angeles as seen through the film Boyz N The Hood - Essay Example African Americans in the US have been an insignia of perpetual degradation historically as they have been shuttled and chained all the way through the slave economy to the capitalist economy. Charles Scruggs wrote, â€Å"The forms of the invisible city are joined at key points: The invisibility of Afro-Americans in this culture, their reduction to stereotype, is closely related to the phenomena of the mass media and the world of consumer desire, part of an economics of mass consumption† (Scruggs cited in Massood 85). The Significance of Suburbs in Movies Suburb in the movies is used as a contested idea. A vast majority of Americans think of suburb as any type of establishment around a large city’s periphery, though they may be present in small cities as the populations settled around the points of intersection of main highways are also referred to as the suburbs. A movie can be included in the category of suburban movies if it is shot in suburbs for its major part, and also it is important that its characters significantly relate to the imagined or real ethos of the suburbs. The movie Boys N the Hood fulfills these criteria of the suburban movies as hood is the central location of the movie in which all its events happen. A Brief Review of Boys N the Hood The movie Boys N the Hood portrays the life of a group of young African Americans living in South Central Los Angeles, who are struggling to escape the widespread violence in the city. Some are keeping their hopes high to get educated and excel in sports, while others become victims and part of the violent gangs. The movie i s not perfect as it makes an attempt to capture every single challenge that the African Americans living in Los Angeles are exposed to in a matter of just one and a half hours of screen time, that is practically too less to do justice with any of the issues discussed. Too many issues shoved into such a short movie make the whole movie in general and the symbolism in particular appear forced, and the audiences sometimes find the movie unbearably heavy-handed. However, the audiences tend to draw the intended meanings of the sounds and images temporarily abandoning their disbelief in the theater’s darkness, so as to gain full essence of the movie. â€Å"Of course, viewers recognize that movies do not present unfiltered reality: The characters are actors, the speech is scripted, and probably most of the artifacts are phony† (Muzzio and Halper 548). Indeed, filtered reality is in a way, the strength of the movie since the fundamental reason why audiences opt to go to the ci nemas to watch the movies is that they want to have the unfiltered reality of the real world replaced with the filtered reality shown in the movies. Reflection of Urban Marginality in Boyz N The Hood Boyz N the Hood reflects the efforts of young film-literate director of the African American descent, and gives a detailed account of the difficulties experienced by their young protagonists as they come of age. The narrative in Boyz N the Hood has been placed in the geographic boundaries of hood that has precise coordinates i.e. South Central Los Angeles in the case of this film. The selection of hood as the canvas of the story has a solid reason as the hood encompasses a variety of metaphorical meanings that apply to the characters as well as their lives as

Danger from Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Danger from Terrorism - Essay Example Invoking national security, the government is supposed to have taken advantage of 9/11 and the generally negative perception of terrorism to invest some righteousness and enlist popular support for its anti-terrorist war that often run roughshod over individual human rights and civil liberties. Richard Posner of the Atlantic Monthly affirms that officials tend to exaggerate the dangers to national security. When surprised and hurt, we tend to overreact. "The greater the threat that an activity poses to national safety, the stronger will the grounds seem for seeking to repress that activity, even at some cost to liberty Legality must sometimes be sacrificed for other values (p. 2)." American history itself is replete with examples of such overreaction to security threats. There was Lincoln who faced the threat of secession by suspending the writ of habeas corpus. This triggered the Civil War. Officials in the modern era have learned their lessons from the past when their counterparts in the old days ignored the storm clouds in the horizon and paid dearly for it. The Japanese early posturing, for example, was glossed over and led to the Pearl Harbor disaster that triggered World War II.When Soviet missiles were installed in Cuba, the US shrugged its shoulder and regretted it when theit later grappled with the Cuban missile crisis. As for terrorism as it is known today, Posner notes that 9/11 indeed showed the US as 'in much greater jeopardy from international terrorism than was previously believed." However, the government must exercise some discretion and sensitivity in running after terrorists. There have been a good number of men who were labeled "terrorists" by the western media when they engaged in a struggle to liberate their countries, among them Nelson Mandela and Menachem Begin. Later, the same media called them "statesmen" when they assumed leadership of their liberated nations. Thus, "one man's terrorist may be another man's freedom fighter (Posner, 2001, ch. 2). Process of Terror Wikipedia says "Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorisme which is based on the Latin verb terrere (to frighten). It was first used by French officials to describe themselves as members of the Jacobin Club which ruled post-Revolution under a "Reign of Terror (1793-94)." The terrorist acts consisted mainly of illegal arrest and execution of dissidents as a means of coercing compliance. Before this, terrorist acts under different labels were carried out by the 1st century Zealots against the Roman occupiers of eastern Mediterranean, by the Islamic sect Hash-Ishiim (which became the root word for "assassin") against people who opposed their beliefs, and by the IRA precursor Irish Republican Brotherhood against the British to demand independence. (p.1) Terrorism in the modern sense is commonly described as an "immoral, wanton and unjustified political violence characterized as indiscriminate, targeting civilians and executing them with disregard for human life (Wikipedia, p. 2). On the other hand, those accused of such acts call themselves by other names, among them, freedom fighter, separatist, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, and in the Muslim world, jihadi and mujaheddin (engaged in a holy war) or fedayeen (prepared for martyrdom). For

No title Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

No title - Assignment Example The dive sites include the internal fresh marine forms and the slighter ocean parts. Other diving sites can be in the canals, lakes, quarries, rivers, dams and springs. Most parts of the world have all this sites and it is an ideal global market that EnerGlide Technology Corp should enter. There is a diving site in Blue Heron Bridge, in USA, Florida at the Riviera Beach. This is a potential marketplace for the company to major into. The corporation should think of investing its watercraft to this place. Another diving site where there is a potential market is in Hawaii, USA at the Kona Mantas. It is recommended for the divers to visit this area to explore the nature wonders here. They will kneel on the bottom off that is shallow at the Keahole point, and then attract the plankton by using their dive lights. It is a beautiful habitation that tourists like to holiday. The tourists visiting the place would prefer to use watercrafts that are quite. It is indeed a great opportunity for a market for products of EnerGlide Technology Corp. Another diving potential market area for the corporation is Must-Dive destination in the Caradonna. There is also a diving site in Vandenberg in the USA and many other places in Europe and Africa and the entire world. There are many diving sites along the world, and this makes diving an ideal place for watercrafts’ market. Another global market area is reef tourism. Reef tourism is an area that most tourists like to visit and enjoy an attractive scenery of reefs. Oculis, the initial product of the corporation is an equipped personal electric watercraft that has an innovative underwater module of viewing for the reef tourism. It enables tourist without any disturbance to observe marine life. Global markets are all over the world and a good example is the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef stretching across the coastline of Queensland is a tourist attraction site that the Oculis will be needed.

Geicos Total Rewards Program Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geicos Total Rewards Program - Coursework Example First, it is quite hilarious to understand how it has impacted on the quality of life of many people. This has been clearly explained on the website. For this reason, anyone who gets access to the site does not need to conduct an extensive research, but to have a glance at this site in order to know everything about all the rewards associated with the program. To conclude, I would like to commend the administrators of this website for doing a commendable job. It is quite encouraging to design and manage such a well-organized website for the benefits of all the audience. After all, all the information is presented in a clear manner using a simple language. Thus, it undoubtedly becomes beneficial to anyone who gets access to it at all times. However, I would like to say that the information should not be too brief. Instead, it should be properly illustrated for easier comprehension by all the readers. As a matter of fact, a program can be much effective if it addresses the needs of everyone. This is due to the fact that they are meant to serve a dynamic society comprised of different people from diverse backgrounds and with diverse needs. In other words, as it is now; the program does not address all the advantages examined in the World at Work Handbook of Compensation, Benefits & Total Reward. For this reason, it is my considered opinion that the rewards should be repackaged to expand into many other areas rather than the ones specified on the website. I would like to urge the program to consider using the strategy of flexibility. Meaning, the program should not only concentrate on a few areas but expand to other aspects as well. These are also equally important since they have lots of value to add to human life. Although it is important to emphasize on health and education, the focus should be put on other significant areas such as economic empowerment.

Danger from Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Danger from Terrorism - Essay Example Invoking national security, the government is supposed to have taken advantage of 9/11 and the generally negative perception of terrorism to invest some righteousness and enlist popular support for its anti-terrorist war that often run roughshod over individual human rights and civil liberties. Richard Posner of the Atlantic Monthly affirms that officials tend to exaggerate the dangers to national security. When surprised and hurt, we tend to overreact. "The greater the threat that an activity poses to national safety, the stronger will the grounds seem for seeking to repress that activity, even at some cost to liberty Legality must sometimes be sacrificed for other values (p. 2)." American history itself is replete with examples of such overreaction to security threats. There was Lincoln who faced the threat of secession by suspending the writ of habeas corpus. This triggered the Civil War. Officials in the modern era have learned their lessons from the past when their counterparts in the old days ignored the storm clouds in the horizon and paid dearly for it. The Japanese early posturing, for example, was glossed over and led to the Pearl Harbor disaster that triggered World War II.When Soviet missiles were installed in Cuba, the US shrugged its shoulder and regretted it when theit later grappled with the Cuban missile crisis. As for terrorism as it is known today, Posner notes that 9/11 indeed showed the US as 'in much greater jeopardy from international terrorism than was previously believed." However, the government must exercise some discretion and sensitivity in running after terrorists. There have been a good number of men who were labeled "terrorists" by the western media when they engaged in a struggle to liberate their countries, among them Nelson Mandela and Menachem Begin. Later, the same media called them "statesmen" when they assumed leadership of their liberated nations. Thus, "one man's terrorist may be another man's freedom fighter (Posner, 2001, ch. 2). Process of Terror Wikipedia says "Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorisme which is based on the Latin verb terrere (to frighten). It was first used by French officials to describe themselves as members of the Jacobin Club which ruled post-Revolution under a "Reign of Terror (1793-94)." The terrorist acts consisted mainly of illegal arrest and execution of dissidents as a means of coercing compliance. Before this, terrorist acts under different labels were carried out by the 1st century Zealots against the Roman occupiers of eastern Mediterranean, by the Islamic sect Hash-Ishiim (which became the root word for "assassin") against people who opposed their beliefs, and by the IRA precursor Irish Republican Brotherhood against the British to demand independence. (p.1) Terrorism in the modern sense is commonly described as an "immoral, wanton and unjustified political violence characterized as indiscriminate, targeting civilians and executing them with disregard for human life (Wikipedia, p. 2). On the other hand, those accused of such acts call themselves by other names, among them, freedom fighter, separatist, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, and in the Muslim world, jihadi and mujaheddin (engaged in a holy war) or fedayeen (prepared for martyrdom). For

Geicos Total Rewards Program Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geicos Total Rewards Program - Coursework Example First, it is quite hilarious to understand how it has impacted on the quality of life of many people. This has been clearly explained on the website. For this reason, anyone who gets access to the site does not need to conduct an extensive research, but to have a glance at this site in order to know everything about all the rewards associated with the program. To conclude, I would like to commend the administrators of this website for doing a commendable job. It is quite encouraging to design and manage such a well-organized website for the benefits of all the audience. After all, all the information is presented in a clear manner using a simple language. Thus, it undoubtedly becomes beneficial to anyone who gets access to it at all times. However, I would like to say that the information should not be too brief. Instead, it should be properly illustrated for easier comprehension by all the readers. As a matter of fact, a program can be much effective if it addresses the needs of everyone. This is due to the fact that they are meant to serve a dynamic society comprised of different people from diverse backgrounds and with diverse needs. In other words, as it is now; the program does not address all the advantages examined in the World at Work Handbook of Compensation, Benefits & Total Reward. For this reason, it is my considered opinion that the rewards should be repackaged to expand into many other areas rather than the ones specified on the website. I would like to urge the program to consider using the strategy of flexibility. Meaning, the program should not only concentrate on a few areas but expand to other aspects as well. These are also equally important since they have lots of value to add to human life. Although it is important to emphasize on health and education, the focus should be put on other significant areas such as economic empowerment.

The impact of globalization Essay Example for Free

The impact of globalization Essay This paper has discussed the impact of globalization on the changing patterns of work in industrialized countries. We have discussed the concept of globalization as it has made promise for companies to work on a real-time basis, whereby products and services are conveyed to the right place at the right time. We further discussed Competitiveness trends and interconnectedness in past and present to have better understanding of employment patterns and their impact on industrial relations policy. Introduction Globalization refers to a world in which civilizations, cultures, polities and economies have, in several logics, come closer simultaneously. It is usually measured to refer to a sequence of social processes and consequently is not typified by the institutional accouterments (Amin, A. 1994). Moreover, globalization is considered as being in the dominance, changing economic, cultural and social surroundings so far regardless of its elemental effects, globalization as a phenomenon remains mainly tolerant (Massey, D. 1994). According to Giddens (1990:64), the concept can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. Thus, the job of a coal miner in Britain might depend on events in South Africa or Poland as much as on local management or national government decisions. Although the notion does not just refer to global interconnectedness. Globalization is best understood as expressing fundamental aspects of time-space distanciation. Globalization concerns the intersection of presence and absence, the interlacing of social events and social relations at a distance with local contextualities (Giddens 1991:21). Amin, A. and Palan, R. (2000:240), too, refers to the fact that globalization describes our changing experience of time and space, or time-space compression. According to Jessop, phenomena firmly within an ontologically broader context of capitalist socio-economic and sociopolitical restructuring in order to ascertain exactly how they intervene in power struggles over this restructuring. This would be in order to clarify whether or not these interventions are contingent or can be attributed to objective necessities. In this context, it makes no sense to postulate the market and the state axiomatically against one another since the two really presuppose one another (Jessop 1997:50-52). Hence and indeed following Jessop, (Magnus Ryner; 2002: 101) suggest that we pose the question of globalization with reference to the manner in which: (a) socio-economic orders become materially reproduced (or not) through the configuration of a regime of accumulation and mode of regulation; (b) Potential and tendential social conflicts are managed (or not)-that is, how they are mediated, regulated and neutralized-through socially embedded authority structures; (c) This order is (or is not) normalized and stabilized through the articulation of the terms of legitimacy which engenders the social order with a stable consensual mass base; (d) Questions (a), (b) and (c) interrelate to form (or not) a Gramscian historic bloc or sets of interacting historic blocs. Changing Patterns The elating trade barriers, liberalization of capital markets, as well as speedy technical development, particularly in the fields of information technology, transport and telecommunications, have infinitely improved and hasten the faction of people, information, possessions and resources. In the same way, they have also expanded the variety of issues which spread out the boundaries of nation-States necessitating international median setting and directive and, consequently, conference and formal discussions on a global or district scale. numerous of the tribulations distressing the world today such as poverty, ecological pollution, financial crises, organized crime and terror campaign – are ever more transnational in nature, and cannot be pact with simply at the national level, nor by State to State negotiations (Cerny, P. G. 1990). Immense economic as well as social interdependence seems to influence national decision making processes in two essential ways. It calls for a transfer of decisions to the worldwide level and, due to an increase in the stipulate for participation it as well needs numerous decisions to be relocated to confined levels of government (Dodd, N. 1994). Thereby, globalization requires multifaceted decision-making processes, which occurs at diverse levels, explicitly sub-national, national and global, pavement the way to an emergent multi-layered structure of power. The truth that collaboration and directive are requisite on numerous levels as a outcome of the intricacies and international nature of present world issues has led a numeral of scholars to envisage the end of national state power. Several disagree that the State might only fiddle with globalization, but not have a dynamic role in it. Several believe that the State will turn out to be archaic (Peck, J. 1998). Regardless of the numerous concerns regarding the loss of independence, the State remnants the key actor in the domestic as well as global arenas. The accepted postulation that the appearance of global civil society, as well as escalating levels of cross-border trade, investment and cash flows turns the State into a survival is wrong. In the worldwide arena, closer collaboration and rigorous action amongst States symbolize an exercise of state dominion. Such strenuous action does not essentially wane States; rather, it can reinforce them by generating a more unwavering international surroundings and by giving them better extent to develop their exchanges in a diversity of fields. Besides, globalization devoid of effective and vigorous multilateralism is bounce to lead to crisis as markets are neither innately stable nor evenhanded. The numerous challenges that we face up to today be afar the reach of any state to convene on its own. At the state level we should govern better, and at the international level we should learn to manage better mutually (Robertson, R. 1995).

Hoofdonderwerp: drugs in de sport

Hoofdonderwerp: drugs in de sport Inleiding We hebben voor het onderwerp drugsgebruik (in de sport) gekozen, omdat we meer willen weten over de effecten van drugs op het menselijk lichaam en wat voor schade dit een mens aan kan richten. Sporten spreekt ons beiden heel erg aan, vandaar dat we voor de combinatie drugsgebruik in de sport hebben gekozen. In de sport hoor je steeds meer over het gebruik van een drugs om de prestaties te verbeteren, zoals bijvoorbeeld EPO in het wielrennen. Wij willen gaan uitzoeken waardoor de drugs de prestaties van een mens kan verbeteren, maar vooral ook waarom sommige drugs schadelijk kunnen zijn voor de gezondheid. Het is ook een zeer actueel onderwerp, kijk maar naar bijvoorbeeld de verdediger van Sevilla, Puerta , die door gebruik van EPO plots in mekaar zakte op het voetbalveld, zonder enig contact met een tegenstander. Er kon ook meteen geconstateerd worden dat het om de drugs EPO ging. Door dit soort nieuws heeft het ons aangetrokken wat de drugs met een lichaam kan doen en dit willen wij dus gaan uitzoeken. Algemene informatie over drugs (doping) in sport Waarom gebruiken sporters doping? Het is voor een normaal mens erg belangrijk om een uitstekende conditie te hebben en dus voor topsporters helemaal. Zij moet keer op keer een topprestatie kunnen leveren. Dit doen sporters meestal door een evenwichtige balans van rust, voeding en beweging. Als sporters dan doping toevoegen aan bijvoorbeeld hun voeding, dan heeft dit meestal een gunstig effect op hun prestaties. Maar hoe werkt die doping nou eigenlijk? Sportprestaties, die voor een groot deel zijn terug te voeren tot spierprestaties, vereisen een in optimaal verkerend spierstelsel dat ze op de juiste manier moet worden onderhouden. Hierbij heeft een scheikundig proces een grote invloed. De voeding die de spieren uit het bloed haalt bestaat voornamelijk uit suikers, met name druivensuiker. Deze suikers worden in de spieren verbrand tot melkzuur. Deze stof wordt beschouwd als een soort vermoeidheidsstof die via de bloedbaan overal in het lichaam komt, en dus ook in de hersenen. Dit vermoeidheidsverschijnsel dient niet a lleen om het wegspoelen van stofwisselingsproducten te bevorderen maar ook om rust te geven aan de lichaamscellen. Een sporter komt dan op het dode punt en raakt volledig uitgeput en dreigt in elkaar te zakken. Er zijn echter ervaren topsporters die weten dat ze dit dode punt kunnen overwinnen. Dit doen ze door hun reserve-energie vrij te maken. Maar ook al kunnen sporters dit, er blijft altijd een moment wanneer de hersenen een einde maken aan onze inspanningen, dit doen de hersenen om het lichaam te behoeden tegen overbelasting. Dit is het moment waarop de doping sporters kan helpen. De meeste doping schakelt namelijk het alarmsysteem van de hersenen uit waardoor sporters langer door kunnen gaan. Als het alarmsysteem uitgeschakeld is wordt het lichaam enorm op de proef gesteld zonder dat je het voelt, want je voelt bijvoorbeeld geen pijn, duizeligheid en vermoeidheid. Ook de levensnoodzakelijke lichaamsreserves worden nu zonder waarschuwing opgebruikt, dit leid vaak tot vergiftigi ngsverschijnselen. De meeste dopinggevallen komen voor in het wielrennen en beroepsvoetbal. Het gebruik van doping werd ontdekt doordat wielrenners of voetballers opeens morsdood neervielen, zonder enige doodsoorzaak. Dit kwam doordat de eerste doping nog niet echt goed was waardoor de sporters dus hun volledige reserves verbrandde. Doping kan ook heel negatieve psychische effecten hebben, zoals verslaving en depressie. Dit gebeurd doordat een sporter beseft dat hij zonder doping niet goed genoeg is. Wat zijn de meest voor komende drugs in sport? Je hebt verschillende soorten drugs die voor verschillende dingen kunnen dienen, sommige drugs benvloeden je gevoelens, bijvoorbeeld marihuana. Andere dienen voor betere prestaties, deze drugs worden veel in de sport gebruikt, dit is echter strafbaar en het kan slecht aflopen, met bijvoorbeeld hartaanvallen. Hieronder staan drugs die veel gebruikt worden in de sport, vanwege verbeterende prestaties van de sporter die de drugs gebruikt of heeft gebruikt. -EPO (erytropoà «tine) -Anabolica -Cocane -(ARA)NESP -HemAssist, -Oxyglobine -RSR-13 -Gentherapie -Amfetamine EPO (erytropoà «tine) Een van de belangrijkste functies van bloed is het transporteren van zuurstof door het lichaam. De rode bloedcellen in ons lichaam binden de zuurstof die tijdens de ademhaling wordt opgenomen. Het gedeelte dat het zuurstof bind heet hemoglobine. Hemoglobine is een roodgekleurd eiwit. EPO staat voor etytropoà «tine, het bestaat uit een eiwitgedeelte en een koolhydraatgedeelte. EPO is een hormoon dat als functie het controleren en stimuleren van de productie van rode bloedcellen in het beenmerg heeft. In het beenmerg zijn EPO cellen de voorstadia van rode bloedcellen. Het heeft twee belangrijke functies voor deze cellen: het bevorderen van een snellere productie en het handhaven van de levensvatbaarheid. Als er een tekort aan zuurstof in de weefsels is zorgt EPO ervoor dat er nieuwe, jonge rode bloedcellen gevormd worden. EPO reguleert dus de vorming van rode bloedcellen in het beenmerg. Sporters gebruiken deze doping om een betere prestatie te kunnen leveren. Dankzij EPO kunnen ze me er zuurstof in hun bloed opnemen en dus langer presteren (ze verzuren minder snel) EPO wordt door het menselijk lichaam zelf aangemaakt, maar het kan tegenwoordig ook in laboratoria gefabriceerd worden. Het is alleen werkzaam als het ingespoten wordt. Als je EPO zou inslikken door middel van een pil dan wordt het gewoon verteerd. Dan komt het dus niet in het bloed en is het dus ook niet werkzaam. Het effect van ingespoten EPO kan ongeveer drie maanden duren. EPO heeft ook nadelen. Het risico van het toedienen van EPO is dat het bloed te stroperig en dik kan worden. Hierdoor loopt de sporter een verhoogd risico op een hartaanval, een beroerte of trombose. Dit is waarschijnlijk ook de doodsoorzaak van de in het voorwoord genoemde Puerta. EPO wordt vooral gebruikt in de duurstort. Dus vooral in het wielrennen, zwemmen en in de loopsport. Het veroorzaakt zoals gezegd vooral een verbetering van het uithoudingsvermogen, en niet van de spierkracht. Bekende EPO-zondaars zijn Richard Virenqu e en David Millar, dit zijn bij de profwielrenners. Er zijn ook natuurlijke manieren om het effect van EPO te kunnen evenaren, bovendien hoeven hier ook geen injecties voor worden te gebruikt. Een van de manieren om het op een natuurlijke manier maken is trainen op grote hoogte. Door de lagere hoeveelheid zuurstof in de lucht, stimuleert het lichaam de aanmaak van extra rode bloedcellen. Dit gebeurt echter niet zoveel als EPO dat doet, het bloed wordt ook niet dikker. Een voordeel van deze methode is dat ook de longen en het hart sterker worden, dit komt door het trainen op hoogte. Ze moeten dan harder werken en worden dus krachtiger. Anabolica Anabolen zijn een drugs die ervoor zorgt dat je spieren meer eiwitten aanmaken, waardoor de spieren sterker worden en in omvang toenemen, omdat ze veel sneller groeien. Deze drug wordt gebruikt door sporters die hun spierkracht en explosiviteit willen vergroten. Daarom zal deze drug veel worden gebruikt in een sport waarbij veel spierkracht vereist is, zoals bijvoorbeeld bodybuilding, rugby en boksen. Gebruikers van anabolen, gebruiken ook diuretica (plaspillen), hierdoor verliezen ze gewicht. De reden dat dit door bijvoorbeeld boksers gebruikt wordt, is omdat ze dan in een lagere gewichtsklasse kunnen boksen. Bij sporters die anabolen gebruiken, moet je niet alleen aan de vechtsport denken, maar het wordt ook veel in de atletiek gebruikt, bij bijvoorbeeld sprinters of verspringers. Hun kunnen de explosieve kracht vooral gebruiken voor de korte afstanden. Het middel nandrolon (anabolica) zorgt ervoor dat je na een zware inspanning heel snel hersteld. Jaap Stam, Edgar Davids en Frank de boer zijn betrapt op gebruik van dit middel. Nandrolon komt ook vaak voor in voedingssupplementen, ze hadden als reden gebruikt dat het middel bij hun was aangetroffen, omdat ze vervuilde voedingssupplementen hadden geslikt. Er zijn dus bepaalde voordelen van anabolen, zoals een veel grotere kracht, wat zal leiden tot grotere spierkracht, grotere spiermassa. Maar de voordelen kunnen lang niet opwegen tegen de nadelen. Er zijn ontzettend veel bijwerkingen door het gebruik van anabolen. Anabolen veroorzaken vierhonderd keer meer bijwerkingen dan alle medicijnen bij elkaar (titel van een artikel) Een paar van de bijwerkingen zijn: *haaruitval *vaak en langdurige hoofdpijn *verslechtering van de ademhaling *borstontwikkeling (bij mannen) *optreden van levertumoren *door een vergroting van de spiermassa, wordt het risico van spierbeschadiging aanzienlijk groter *lagere stem *grote kans op nierziektes (nierstenen) *last van de blaas, vaker naar toilet *geen volledige botontwikkeling (bij onvolgroeide botten) *vergrote kans op hartaandoeningen *bijwerkingen m.b.t genitalià «n *veel last van acne *psychische bijwerkingen zoals, agressie, depressie en slaapstoornissen ( meest voorkomende bijwerkingen) Er zijn nog wel wat bijwerkingen, maar dit zijn de meest opvallende. Je ziet dus dat de voordelen lang niet zo groot zijn als de nadelen van het gebruik van anabolen. Je zou denken dat als je zo de nadelen op een rijtje zet amper gebruik wordt gemaakt van deze drug. Dit is niet juist uit de onderstaande figuur kun je afleiden dat er wel degelijk wat gebruik gemaakt wordt van anabolen. Anabolengebruik per leeftijd Ook kun je afleiden dat er vanaf het 16e levensjaar het gebruik redelijk begint toe te nemen. Maar de leeftijdsgroep tussen de 18 en 26 maken verreweg het meeste gebruik van anabolen. Na deze leeftijden neemt het gebruik flink af. Cocane De meeste mensen kennen cocane alleen als een recreatief middel maar het wordt echter ook gebruikt in de sportwereld. De meest voorkomende effecten van cocane zijn: een sterk opwekkend effect, het vergeten van je zorgen, je krijgt een energieboost, en je bent bijna gevoelloos (dus je voelt bijna geen pijn) Dus als sporters een grote prestatie moeten leveren kan het helpen om cocane te gebruiken. (ARA)NESP, HemAssist, Oxyglobine en RSR-13 Deze drugs worden genoemd als de opvolgers van doping en hebben ongeveer dezelfde werking. Het zuurstoftransport wordt door EPO verbetert en ook door bovengenoemde drugs, dat hebben ze met elkaar gemeen. Een nieuwe methode is het toedienen van bloeddoping, hierbij wordt bloed, rode bloedcellen of verwante bloedproducten bij de sporter genjecteerd. Gentherapie Sporters zouden ook gentherapie kunnen gebruiken om hun lichaam te herconstrueren voor prestatieverbetering. In de tabel hieronder staan enkele genen die de sportprestaties zouden kunnen verbeteren. Amfetamine (speed) Amfetamine is een synthetische drug, het is beter bekend als speed. Amfetamine is zeer verslavend, vooral omdat mensen lusteloos worden als ze het niet gebruiken. Het werkt stimulerend en zorgt dat je slapeloos wordt. De lust tot eten of drinken word minder, daardoor werd het vroeger nog gebruikt als vermageringsmiddel maar tegenwoordig is het verboden. Amfetaminegebruik kan leiden tot ernstige lichamelijk problemen zoals hart en leverfalen. Het heeft ook psychische bijeffecten, je kunt er paranode van worden. Amfetamine is een zogenaamd sympathicomimeticum; het bootst de werking van het sympathische zenuwstelsel na. In het sympathische zenuwstelsel werken belangrijke neurotransmitters als noradrenaline en adrenaline. Amfetamine zorgt ervoor dat deze stoffen extra veel vrijkomen. De activering van het sympathische zenuwstelsel vindt normaalgesproken plaats bij gevaar of spanning. Het lichaam moet dan snel kunnen reageren, de stofwisseling is dan even minder belangrijk en het hongergevoel verdwijnt. Als je amfetamine gebruikt, krijg je dus veel energie, ga je veel praten en kun je last hebben van onwillekeurige bewegingen van het lichaam. Men zweet ook meer en kan hoofdpijn krijgen. Het wordt dus als doping gebruikt omdat je er meer energie van krijgt. Waar komt het woord doping vandaan? Het woord doping is afkomstig uit Engeland. In Zuid-Oost Afrika werd een sterke drank gebruikt als een stimulerend middel, deze drank heette dop. In 1889 komt het echte woord doping voor het eerst voor in een Engels woordenboek. Methodes toediening doping Doping kan op verschillende manier worden toegediend. Wij laten hier een aantal methodes zien hoe men de doping in het lichaam krijgt. Bloeddoping Als een sporter bloeddoping wil gebruiken dan laat hij zes tot twaalf weten voor de wedstrijd bloed aftappen. Het gevolg hiervan is dat ze gaan trainen met een kleiner bloedvolume. Op de dag van de wedstrijd laten de sporters hun eerder afgetapte bloed weer inbrengen door middel van een infuus. Dankzij dit nieuwe bloed neemt het bloedvolume à ©n het hemoglobinegehalte in het bloed toe. Hierdoor kunnen de sporters meer zuurstof opnemen en hebben ze dus een groter uithoudingsvermogen. Het is natuurlijk niet zo gek dat bloeddoping vaak bij duurlopers wordt aangetroffen. Het is ook mogelijk om donorbloed te gebruiken in plaats van het eigen bloed, het nadeel hiervan is echter dat er een risico is op virusinfecties, allergische reacties en afstoot reacties. De algemene bijwerkingen van bloeddoping zijn: bloedstolsels, koorts en koude rillingen. Farmacologische, chemische en fysieke manipulatie Farmacologische, chemische en fysieke manipulatie dienen ervoor om de betrouwbaarheid van de tijdens de dopingcontrole afgenomen urine te benvloeden. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het afgeven van oude of andermans urine, of het toevoegen van stoffen aan de afgegeven urine. Ook het gebruik van epitestosteron, dat het gebruik van testosteron verhult en diuretica vallen onder deze groep. Het IOC stelt manipulatie van een dopingcontrole gelijk aan het gebruik van doping. Waarom is doping slecht? * Doping is oneerlijk. Bij een echte wedstrijd gaat het erom wie de beste, sterkste of snelste is. Als er dan doping wordt gebruikt door een paar sporters, dan worden de niet-dopinggebruikers de dupe. Er is dan geen gelijke kans meer. * Doping kan gevaarlijk zijn. Dat zien we doordat sommige dopinggebruikers een wedstrijd niet overleven. Het lichaam wordt door de doping zo erg uitgeput en vergiftigd dat dit tot gevaar kan leiden. * Doping kan ook andere sporters in gevaar brengen. Als er bijvoorbeeld een wielerrenner ten val komt door zijn dopinggebruik, kunnen heel veel andere renners ten val komen als ze over de desbetreffende renner heen vallen Controles Sporters en doping, het lijkt nooit op de houden. De sporters en organisaties/sponsors hebben er natuurlijk dagelijks mee te maken. En de jacht naar dopinggebruikers is heviger dan ooit. Wat spookt de sporter uit, ook als hij alleen maar traint. En wat doet de sporter dan? De sporters zelf huiveren, waar blijft hun privacy? Zijn ze bij voorbaat al verdacht? Maar de dopingjagers kennen geen genade. Ze verzinnen telkens nieuwe listen. In de topsport willen dopingcontroleurs altijd weten waar een atleet zich bevind, zo kunnen ze hem onverwachts controleren. Dat is nodig, omdat doping vaak tijdens trainingsperioden wordt gebruikt om conditie en kracht op te bouwen. De dopingcontroleurs hebben als doel dat de topsport dopingvrij wordt en dat er gelijke regels komen voor sporters in alle landen. Veel sporters vinden de strenge meldregels maar niets en vinden de controles een inbreuk in hun privacy. Dat er ook veel gecontroleerd wordt in voetbal en hockey vinden de beoefenaars maar raar. Zij vinden dat het meer moeite kost dan dat het oplevert. Er is wel een plan dat sporters zelf mogen bepalen welk uur van de dag ze beschikbaar zijn voor controles. De controleurs vinden dit een redelijk compromis, waar de sporters goed mee zouden kunnen leven. Als een sporter dit ook niet wil heeft hij een probleem. Bescherming van privacy is belangrijk, maar het gaat ook om de schone sport. Als je naar dopingcontroles kijkt is er wat betreft het aantal dopingcontroles doorgaans een groot verschil tussen dopinggevoelige en andere sporten. Dit blijkt uit een ronde langs dertig topsporters. Schaatsen en wielrennen steken er in Nederland met kop en schouders bovenuit als het gaat om de meeste controles. Bij de meest dopinggevoelige sporten spelen zaken als uithoudingsvermogen en kracht vaak een doorslaggevende rol. Prestatiebevorderende middelen hebben, zo blijkt uit onderzoek, hebben daar meer effect dan in de zogenoemde spelsporten of behendigheidssporten waar zaken als inzicht en techniek geregeld doorslaggevend zijn. Het blijkt dat wielrenners gemiddeld twintig keer per seizoen gecontroleerd worden, dit gebeurd dan meestal rond wedstrijden. Ook als een topsporter bijvoorbeeld wereldkampioen is kan hij veel meer controles verwachten. Een goed voorbeeld van een sporter die vorig seizoen enorm veel gewonnen heeft is de schaatser Sven Kramer. Hij zegt dat hij vorig seizoen zo ongeveer vijfentwintig keer gecontroleerd is! Behalve voor wielrennen en schaatsen gelden ook atletiek en zwemmen als dopinggevoelige sporten. Zij zijn na de wielrenners en schaatsers de sporters die het meest gecontroleerd worden. Ook in deze sporten geldt dat hoe dichter een atleet de wereldtop nadert, hoe vaker de controleur langskomt. Na deze sporten volgt het voetbal als meest geteste sport, maar hier verschilt het aantal tests per individuele sporter. Ajacied George Ogararu zegt dit jaar twee keer gecontroleerd te zijn, terwijl Klaas-Jan Huntelaar in zijn hele loopbaan slechts vier keer een plas heeft moeten inleveren. De controleurs * De Nederlandse Dopingautoriteit, in Capelle aan de IJssel, voerde vorig jaar 2.825 controles uit. De kosten daarvan bedroegen meer dan 780 duizend euro. * De Dopingautoriteit controleert een groep sporters van 59 bonden, waarbij het niveau (nationale top) het criterium is: van biljart tot voetbal. * Sporters die een Nederlandse controleur treffen, hebben altijd iemand tegenover zich die in dienst is van de Dopingautoriteit. Maar de opdrachtgever is niet altijd hetzelfde. Verreweg de meeste controles (2.211 in het jaar 2006) hebben plaats in het kader van het nationale antidopingprogramma, gefinancierd door de sportkoepel NOC*NSF. * Daarnaast krijgt de Dopingautoriteit ook van (internationale) sportfederaties opdrachten. In het jaar 2006 gebeurde dat in totaal 614 keer. De Dopingautoriteit voerde in 2006 uitsluitend urinecontroles uit. Dat gebeurde in 33 procent van de gevallen rondom trainingen of bij sporters thuis. Tegen 52 sporters (41 mannen en 11 vrouwen) werd een zaak aanhangig gemaakt wegens overtreding van de reglementen. De krachtsporten waren daarin het best vertegenwoordigd als het ging om prestatiebevorderende middelen. Vijf rugbyers hadden in hun urine sporen die wezen op het gebruik van cannabis, cocane of amfetamine. In totaal werden twaalf sporters betrapt op het roken van een jointje, drie op het gebruik van cocane. * Soms zijn er in Nederland ook buitenlandse dopingcontroleurs actief. Die werken voor de mobiele brigades van de internationale sportfederaties. * Naast de NOC*NSF (internationale) sportfederaties kunnen ook particuliere organisaties opdracht geven tot controles. Het bekendste voorbeeld daarvan is de organisatie van de Ronde van Frankrijk (Tour de France). In Nederland onderwerpt onder meer de Rabo-wielerploeg zijn renners aan dopingcontroles. Ons onderzoek: Interviewen van bepaalde sportmensen Om verder in te gaan op het gebruik van doping in de sport gaan we een paar verschillende interviews opnemen bij verschillende sporters, zodat we dieper ingaan op het gebruik van drugs in verband met de sport. Ook willen we meer te weten komen over de ervaringen die sporters opdoen in hun sport, gedurende hun loopbaan. Door verschillende type sporters te ondervragen kunnen we de verschillen in het drugsgebruik in een bepaalde tak van de sportwereld onderzoeken. Zo komen we bijvoorbeeld tot de conclusie dat er in het wielrennen meer gebruik gemaakt wordt van drugs dan in de atletiek. De verschillende interviews vergelijken we dan en hieruit kunnen we weer bepaalde dingen afleiden. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Beste Jack van Hulten, Wij (Jasper Kerstes en Bob van Asten) moeten voor school een profielwerkstuk maken. Hiervoor moeten we ook onderzoek doen, dit doen we door middel van interviews. Het onderwerp is drugs (doping) in sport. We interviewen U omdat we dit onderwerp willen bekijken vanuit verschillende takken van sport. We vragen U om de vragen zo uitgebreid mogelijk te beantwoorden. 1.Hoelang fluit u al? Ik fluit vanaf sinds augustus 1987 amateurs en betaald voetbal vanaf 1 juli 1992 2.Wat zijn de mooiste momenten uit uw fluitcarrià ¨re? De wedstrijden die ik het mooist vond om te fluiten waren: Ajax PSV (Johan Cruyf schaal 2002) FC Viking Chelsea (Uefa Cup 2002) 3.Wat vind u van dopinggebruik in sport in het algemeen, en in het voetbal? Degene die betrapt worden op dopinggebruik moeten voor hun leven geschorst worden. 4.Weet u ervan dat er soms doping gebruikt wordt in het voetbal? (vooral cocane en EPO, aan EPO is de Spaanse international Antonio Puerta aan overleden) Ik heb dit via de media inderdaad vernomen, ik vind het erg triest maar toch ook eigen schuld dikke bult. 5.Heeft u wel eens meegemaakt of gedacht dat een voetballer dopingmiddelen gebruikt heeft tijdens een wedstrijd? Nee, dit heb ik nog nooit meegemaakt. 6.Weet u wat u moet doen als een speler zijn bewustzijn verliest tijdens een wedstrijd? Ja, ik ben zelf opgeleid als BHV-er met cursus reanimatie. Echter ik zal zeker de wedstrijd meteen stoppen en er spoedig een arts bijhalen, dat zijn immers de specialisten. 7.Snapt u dat veel sporters tegenwoordig snel doping gebruiken? Nee, je gaat in de sport een uitdaging met jezelf aan, dat wil zeggen met je eigen lichaam. Hard werken (trainen) en gezonde voeding zijn de enige juiste bouwstenen, dus ik vind doping gebruik onnodig en niet eerlijk. 8.Kent u de gevolgen die sommige soorten doping kunnen hebben? Ik heb er wel eens een tv-programma over gezien. De gevaren zijn duidelijk aanwezig dus moet dit al meer dan een voldoende waarschuwing zijn om er niet aan te beginnen! 9.Vind u dat voetballers vaker gecontroleerd moeten worden op gebruik van doping? Dit gebeurd namelijk nog niet veel. Ik weet dat dit inderdaad niet veel gebeurd, wat mij part mogen profvoetballers na elke wedstrijd gecontroleerd worden. 10.Vind u dat sommige doping gelegaliseerd moet worden, of moeten alle stimulerende middelen verboden worden? Ik zou het liefst zien dat alle doping verboden wordt. Er moet ervoor gezorgd worden dat topsport puur natuurlijk blijft. 11.EPO is een middel dat ervoor zorgt dat bloed meer zuurstof kan opnemen, en is in kleine doseringen niet gevaarlijk. Vind u dat iemand met een slechte conditie EPO zou mogen gebruiken? Nee, in geval van een slechte conditie moet je of harder trainen of anders niet deelnemen in competitieverband. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Jef van vliet, begeleider internationale scheidsrechters. Hoelang fluit u gefloten?. Ik heb gefloten van 1969 tot 1997, waarvan de laatste 15 jaar in het betaalde voetbal. Wat doet u nu precies in de voetbal wereld? Op dit moment ben ik docent opleidingen scheidsrechters, ik beoordeel de scheidsrechters in het betaalde voetbal en daarnaast begeleid ik de scheidsrechters bij internationale wedstrijden in Nederland. Wat zijn de mooiste momenten uit uw fluitcarrià ¨re? De 4 jaar welke ik als internationaal scheidsrechter heb gefungeerd en daarnaast o.a. de bekerfinale Ajax-Heerenveen in 1996. Wat vind u van dopinggebruik in sport in het algemeen, en in het voetbal? Doping hoort niet in de sport thuis. Weet u ervan dat er soms doping gebruikt wordt in het voetbal? (vooral cocane en EPO, aan EPO is de Spaanse international Antonio Puerta aan overleden) Dat is iets wat je niet hard kunt maken, maar zal zeker wel voorkomen. Heeft u wel eens meegemaakt of gedacht dat een voetballer dopingmiddelen gebruikt heeft tijdens een wedstrijd? Niet zelf meegemaakt, maar dat wil natuurlijk niet zeggen dat het niet gebeurd. Weet u wat u moet doen als een speler zijn bewustzijn verliest tijdens een wedstrijd? Ja dat weet ik, daar zijn standaard afspraken over. Snapt u dat veel sporters tegenwoordig snel doping gebruiken? Ik snap dit niet, sport hoort zuiver te zijn, dus zonder doping. Kent u de gevolgen die sommige soorten doping kunnen hebben? Jazeker, kijk maar naar Maradonna, wat is er over van de sportman? Vind u dat voetballers vaker gecontroleerd moeten worden op gebruik van doping? Dit gebeurd namelijk nog niet veel. In het Nederlandse betaalde voetbal word er wekelijks gecontroleerd, en zeker bij internationale wedstrijden. Vind u dat sommige doping gelegaliseerd moet worden, of moeten alle stimulerende middelen verboden worden? Binnen elke sport dan ook moeten stimulerende middelen verboden worden. Sport hoort clean te zijn, anders is het natuurlijk niet eerlijk. EPO is een middel dat ervoor zorgt dat bloed meer zuurstof kan opnemen, en is in kleine doseringen niet gevaarlijk. Vind u dat iemand met een slechte conditie EPO zou mogen gebruiken? Nee, dan moet een sporter maar gewoon niet meedoen of meer trainen want sport hoort clean te zijn zoals ik bij de vorige vraag al zei. Interview voor profielwerkstuk Wat is de invloed van doping in sport Interview met Michel Stolker, een oud-profwielrenner. Wij (Jasper Kerstes en Bob van Asten) moeten voor school een profielwerkstuk maken. Hiervoor moeten we ook onderzoek doen, dit doen we door middel van interviews. Het onderwerp is drugs (doping) in sport. We interviewen U omdat we dit onderwerp willen bekijken vanuit verschillende takken van sport. We vragen U om de vragen zo uitgebreid mogelijk te beantwoorden. Wat zijn uw grootste sportprestaties? 7e In de ronde van Spanje (22 dagen) Winnaar van de Midi Libre (meerdaagse wielerwedstrijd in Zuid-Frankrijk) in 1962. Hier reed ik dankzij een enorm goede vorm het peloton op 20 minuten en werd ik niet teruggepakt en reed vele tegenstanders eraf Etappes in de Ronde van Italià « en in de Ronde van Spanje. Drie deelnames aan de Tour de France (1956, 1957 en 1962) Ik was vooral knecht in de meeste ploegen (dit betekent dat hij vooral voor de toppers is zijn ploeg moest rijden) Dit deed ik vooral voor Jacques Anquetil, wat die man kan was echt onvoorstelbaar! Topsport is ontzettend zwaar, als je goed wilt rijden moet je enorm veel trainen, hierdoor verminder het sociale contact heel erg. Heeft u veel overwinningen geboekt in uw carrià ¨re als profwielrenner? Ik heb in de Ronde van Lombardije het bergklassement gewonnen, de Midi Libre en vele andere koersen. In totaal heb ik 25 koersen gewonnen, waarvan 20 zonder doping gebruik en 5 met. Hoeveel jaar heeft u als profwielrenner gereden en voor welke ploegen? Ik heb 11 jaar als prof gefietst in de volgende ploegen:  · 1956 Locomotief-Vredestein  · 1957 Locomotief-Vredestein  · 1958 Magneet-Vredestein  · 1959 Magneet-Vredestein  · 1960 Helyett-Fynsec-Leroux  · 1961 Helyett-Fynsec-Hutchinson  · 1962 Saint-Raphael-Helyett  · 1963 Saint-Raphael-Gitane  · 1964 KAS-Kaskol  · 1965 Fyffes  · 1966 Willem II-Gazelle Wat vindt u van de vele dopingschandalen in de tour van de laatste jaren? Het is een grof schandaal hoe het nu gaat in de wielerwereld, ik zal een voorbeeld geven. Toen Jan Ullrich uitging in een discotheek waar wel 2000 mensen waren, werd hij gepakt op verdenking van drugs/doping gebruik. Dus alleen Ullrich terwijl ruim de helft van de aanwezige doping gebruikte, dit vind ik echt niet kunnen. Ik wil overigens wel zeggen dat de Tour de France goed te rijden is zonder doping. Het is eigenlijk ook triest als je naar de medische wereld kijkt, tegenwoordig schrijven doctoren enorm veel middelen uit, je krijgt overal wat voor. Maar wielrenners mogen eigenlijk niets hebben. Wat ik ook bijna zeker weet is dat Lance Armstrong doping heeft gebruikt, hij werd in 1993 wereldkampioen en kreeg in 1996 teelbalkanker. Hoe kan iemand die zo jong is nou teelbalkanker krijgen? Ik denk dat het komt omdat hij grote hoeveelheden doping kreeg. Er zijn zoveel dingen waardoor je beter gaat rijden, ik noem anabolen en hormoonpreparaten. Doping is heel verleidelijk, vaak is de pakkans klein (vooral vroeger) dus dan gebruikte je doping. Vooral het vele geld heeft de sport naar de klote geholpen. Wat vindt u van dopinggebruik in het algemeen? Als je naar sporters in het algemeen kijkt, vooral in het voetbal, zijn ze enorm gespierd en erg groot. Ik denk niet dat dit alleen komt door training, ze moeten wel wat gebruiken, waarschijnlijk zijn het anabolen. Het grote geld dat er tegenwoordig in de topsport rondgaat doet rare dingen met mensen. Ik zal hier ook een voorbeeld van geven. Jaren geleden werden er een heleboel sporters aangesproken. Zij kregen een vraag voorgeschoteld gekregen: Ik kan van jou een olympisch kampioen maken, maar dan moet je wel enorm veel pillen waar je binnen 5 jaar van dood kunt gaan, zou je het doen? Deze vraag werd door 72% beantwoord met ja! Dit zegt toch wel iets over hoe graag mensen willen winnen en waarom ze naar doping grijpen. Het is geen goede zaak maar veel sporters kijken vooral naar de voordelen. Gebruikte u veel stimulerende middelen (geen doping) maar drankjes, suikers en dergelijke in uw carrià ¨re? Ja, dit moet wel want dat is essentieel. Ik at tijdens mijn wielercarrià ¨re veel rijstevla, glucosetabletten, bananen en heel veel suiker. Je moet wel veel eten anders red je het niet en kun je niet meer verder, je kunt namelijk de hongerklop krijgen. Dan wordt alles zwart en ben je niet meer in staat om fatsoenlijk te rijden. Wat heeft u allemaal meegemaakt met doping tijdens uw prof wielercarrià ¨re? Wij kregen veel spullen aangeboden maar er werd zelden of nooit gecontroleerd. Ik heb in mijn carrià ¨re niet meegemaakt dat renners bewusteloos raakte of overleden door doping. Heeft u er wel eens aan gedacht zelf doping te gebruiken en zo ja waarom en wat voor soort doping? Ja, ik wilde beter presteren daarom heb ik doping gebruikt. Iedere profsporter wil zo goed mogelijk presteren, dit ten koste van bijna alles. Je leeft echt als het ware voor je sport, de rest komt pas op de tweede plaats. Ik heb niets over mijn dopinggebruik te verbergen, ik vind het juist goed dat ik het eerlijk toegeef. De mensen w

Tahiti and the French Polynesia :: essays research papers

Spread across nearly 2,000,000 square miles of the South Pacific, in an area as large as the continent of Europe, lies the Territory of French Polynesia and its principal island, Tahiti. Settlers from Southeast Asia are thought to have first arrived in the Marquesas Islands, in the northeastern part of what is today called French Polynesia, around 300 AD and in the Society Islands, including Tahiti, to the west by about 800 AD. Prior to the first European contact, the islands were ruled by a hierarchy of hereditary tribal chiefs. The first Europeans to visit the area were the English explorers Samuel Wallis in 1767 and James Cook in 1769. French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville arrived in 1768 and claimed the islands for France. In the late 1700s occasional ships arrived in the islands, most notably the H.M.S. Bounty in 1788, captained by William Bligh. The first missionaries, from the London Missionary Society, arrived in the islands in 1797. By 1815, with the support of the most powerful ruling family in the islands, the Pomares, the British missionaries had secured a strong influence in much of the Society Islands, doing everything possible to eliminate traditional Polynesian culture by barring traditional dance and music as well as destroying carvings and temples associated with native religion. The French continued to hold influence over the Marquesian Archipelago and eventually were successful in expelling the British and securing influence over much of what today constitutes French Polynesia, leaving the ruling Pomare family as little more than figureheads. In 1880, King Pomare V was forced to abdicate, and a French colony was proclaimed. By 1901, the colony included the Austral Islands, the Gambier Archipelago, the Marquesas Islands, the Society Islands and the Tuamotu atolls to the southeast. The first half of the twentieth century saw periods of nationalistic protest in the colonies which were by then called the Établissements franà §ais d'Ocà ©anie (French Pacific Settlements). It was not, however, until after World War II, when Tahitians who had served France returned home, that pressure forced the French government to extend French citizenship to all islanders. The first territorial assembly was established in 1946, and by 1949 the islands obtained representation in the French Assembly. In 1957, the territory was officially renamed the Territory of French Polynesia. The Republic of France is represented in the territory by a high commissioner appointed by the Republic. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, limited autonomy was granted to the territorial government to control socioeconomic policy but not defense, law and order, or foreign affairs.

Free Ophelia Essays - Alone in Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Ophelia - All alone in Hamlet Within Ophelia's head spins many thoughts after the death of her father. She is inevitably suffering from a nervous breakdown at the hand of her once suitor Hamlet. Ophelia is now alone without, her brother Laertes, Hamlet, her father Polonius, or even a female role model to help her through this time of sadness. During the scene, she struggles with reality and fiction. Is what she saying all lost thoughts about her head, or do they make sense, perfect senses to the outcome of the play. For the most part during this time in her life, Ophelia has no one to tell her, or guide her. As her brother does when he warns her of "Hamlet and the trifling of his favor..." (1, 3, 5), that "His greatness weighed, his will is not his own"(1, 3, 17). She is also at a loss for her father, Polonius' words of wisdom of her relationship with Hamlet; he states, "Do not believe his vows, for they are brokers, not of that dye which their investments show..." (1, 3, 126-127). Nor does she have Hamlet to lean to for advice as when he tells her to "get thee to a nunnery..."(3, 1, 121). Shakespeare never lets on that Ophelia had a mother; this only leaves Queen Gertrude to fill the empty void as a female role model. At one time Polonius tries to convince the King and Queen that the lack of his daughter's love is the cause of Hamlet's madness, in Act two, Scene two. Only a short time later does Gertrude tell Ophelia, "Ophelia, I do wish that your good beauties be the happy cause of Hamlet's wildness. So shall I hope our virtues will bring him to his wonted way again..." (3, 1, 38-41). On the other hand, later in the play Gertrude refuses to see Ophelia, stating, " I will not speak to her " (4, 5, 1) on the first line of Act four, Scene five. Gertrude does not even attempt to change her mind until Horatio reminds her, " T'were good she were spoken with, for she may strew dangerous conjectures in ill-breeding minds" (4,5,15-16).